bug fix:修复可能的panic状态；增加更多功能

.gitignore

@@ -13,7 +13,12 @@
 vendor/
 
 # IDE
-.idea/
+.idea
 
 # OS
 .DS_Store
+
+# Agent local governance files
+.sentrux/
+agent_readme.md
+target.md

CHANGELOG.MD

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Changelog
+
+本文档记录 StarDB 的主要变更。
+
+## [Unreleased] - 2026-03-20
+
+### Added
+- 新增可判定错误类型（`errors.Is` 友好）：
+  - 生命周期：`ErrDBNotInitialized` `ErrTxNotInitialized` `ErrStmtNotInitialized`
+  - 参数/目标校验：`ErrQueryEmpty` `ErrTargetNil` `ErrTargetNotPointer` 等
+  - 映射与批量写入：`ErrColumnNotFound` `ErrNoInsertValues` `ErrBatchRowValueCountMismatch` 等
+- 新增流式查询能力（DB / Tx / Stmt）：
+  - `QueryRaw` / `QueryRawContext`
+  - `ScanEach` / `ScanEachContext`
+  - `ScanEachORM` / `ScanEachORMContext`
+- 新增 NULL 安全取值：
+  - `GetNullString` `GetNullInt64` `GetNullFloat64` `GetNullBool` `GetNullTime`
+- 新增 ORM 行为开关：
+  - `SetStrictORM(true)` 启用严格列检查
+  - `ClearReflectCache()` 清理反射缓存
+- 新增 SQL 运行时可观测能力：
+  - Hook：`SetSQLHooks` `SetSQLBeforeHook` `SetSQLAfterHook`
+  - 慢 SQL 阈值：`SetSQLSlowThreshold`
+  - 指纹：`SetSQLFingerprintEnabled` `SetSQLFingerprintMode` `SetSQLFingerprintKeepComments`
+  - 指纹计数：`SetSQLFingerprintCounterEnabled` `SQLFingerprintCounters` `ResetSQLFingerprintCounters`
+  - Context 元信息：`SQLHookMetaFromContext` `BatchExecMetaFromContext`
+- 新增占位符方言适配：
+  - `SetPlaceholderStyle(PlaceholderQuestion|PlaceholderDollar)`（`?` / `$1,$2...`）
+- 新增批量插入分片控制：
+  - `SetBatchInsertMaxRows`
+  - `SetBatchInsertMaxParams`
+  - 常见驱动参数上限自动识别（SQLite / PostgreSQL / MySQL / SQL Server）
+
+### Changed
+- 批量写入在开启分片或触发参数阈值时，改为事务内多分片执行，降低单条 SQL 过大风险。
+- 分片批量写入结果语义明确：
+  - `RowsAffected()` 返回分片累计值
+  - `LastInsertId()` 返回最后一个分片的 insert id
+- 内部结构按模块归档到 `internal/`，保持外部 API 稳定：
+  - `internal/convert`
+  - `internal/scanutil`
+  - `internal/sqlplaceholder`
+  - `internal/sqlruntime`
+- README 重写为面向使用场景的说明，补齐能力边界、接入顺序和 API 细节。
+
+### Behavior Notes
+- 默认查询 `Query` 仍为内存模式（解析到 `StarRows`）。
+- 关闭内存预读时，使用 `QueryRaw` / `ScanEach` / `ScanEachORM`。
+- SQL Hook、指纹与指纹计数默认关闭，需显式开启。
+- 批量分片关闭条件：`maxRows <= 0` 且 `maxParams <= 0` 且未命中驱动自动阈值。
+
+### Tests
+- 新增/补强测试覆盖：
+  - 流式查询与流式 ORM
+  - NULL 安全取值
+  - 严格 ORM 行为
+  - 占位符转换
+  - SQL Hook、慢 SQL 阈值、指纹模式、注释保留开关、指纹计数
+  - BatchInsert 分片（按行数/参数）、失败回滚与结果语义

batch.go

@@ -6,8 +6,220 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
 )
 
+type multiSQLResult struct {
+	results []sql.Result
+}
+
+type batchExecMetaKey struct{}
+
+// BatchExecMeta contains chunk execution metadata for batch insert operations.
+// It is attached to context for chunked execution and can be read in SQL hooks.
+type BatchExecMeta struct {
+	ChunkIndex  int
+	ChunkCount  int
+	ChunkRows   int
+	TotalRows   int
+	ColumnCount int
+}
+
+// BatchExecMetaFromContext extracts batch chunk metadata from context.
+func BatchExecMetaFromContext(ctx context.Context) (BatchExecMeta, bool) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		return BatchExecMeta{}, false
+	}
+	meta, ok := ctx.Value(batchExecMetaKey{}).(BatchExecMeta)
+	return meta, ok
+}
+
+func withBatchExecMeta(ctx context.Context, meta BatchExecMeta) context.Context {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, batchExecMetaKey{}, meta)
+}
+
+func (m multiSQLResult) LastInsertId() (int64, error) {
+	if len(m.results) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	return m.results[len(m.results)-1].LastInsertId()
+}
+
+func (m multiSQLResult) RowsAffected() (int64, error) {
+	var total int64
+	for _, result := range m.results {
+		affected, err := result.RowsAffected()
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		total += affected
+	}
+	return total, nil
+}
+
+// SetBatchInsertMaxRows configures max row count per INSERT statement for batch APIs.
+// <= 0 disables splitting and keeps single-statement behavior.
+func (s *StarDB) SetBatchInsertMaxRows(maxRows int) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if maxRows < 0 {
+		maxRows = 0
+	}
+	atomic.StoreInt64(&s.batchInsertMaxRows, int64(maxRows))
+}
+
+// BatchInsertMaxRows returns current batch split threshold.
+// 0 means disabled.
+func (s *StarDB) BatchInsertMaxRows() int {
+	if s == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	value := atomic.LoadInt64(&s.batchInsertMaxRows)
+	if value <= 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return int(value)
+}
+
+// SetBatchInsertMaxParams configures max bind parameter count per INSERT statement for batch APIs.
+// <= 0 means auto mode (use built-in defaults for known drivers) or no limit for unknown drivers.
+func (s *StarDB) SetBatchInsertMaxParams(maxParams int) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if maxParams < 0 {
+		maxParams = 0
+	}
+	atomic.StoreInt64(&s.batchInsertMaxParams, int64(maxParams))
+}
+
+// BatchInsertMaxParams returns configured max bind parameter threshold.
+// 0 means auto mode.
+func (s *StarDB) BatchInsertMaxParams() int {
+	if s == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	value := atomic.LoadInt64(&s.batchInsertMaxParams)
+	if value <= 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return int(value)
+}
+
+func detectBatchInsertMaxParams(db *sql.DB) int {
+	if db == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	driverType := strings.ToLower(fmt.Sprintf("%T", db.Driver()))
+	switch {
+	case strings.Contains(driverType, "sqlite"):
+		// Keep conservative default for wide compatibility.
+		return 999
+	case strings.Contains(driverType, "postgres"), strings.Contains(driverType, "pgx"), strings.Contains(driverType, "pq"):
+		return 65535
+	case strings.Contains(driverType, "mysql"):
+		return 65535
+	case strings.Contains(driverType, "sqlserver"), strings.Contains(driverType, "mssql"):
+		return 2100
+	default:
+		return 0
+	}
+}
+
+func minPositive(a, b int) int {
+	if a <= 0 {
+		return b
+	}
+	if b <= 0 {
+		return a
+	}
+	if a < b {
+		return a
+	}
+	return b
+}
+
+func (s *StarDB) batchInsertChunkSize(columnCount int) (int, error) {
+	maxRows := s.BatchInsertMaxRows()
+	maxParams := s.BatchInsertMaxParams()
+	if maxParams <= 0 {
+		maxParams = detectBatchInsertMaxParams(s.db)
+	}
+
+	maxRowsByParams := 0
+	if maxParams > 0 {
+		maxRowsByParams = maxParams / columnCount
+		if maxRowsByParams <= 0 {
+			return 0, ErrBatchInsertMaxParamsTooLow
+		}
+	}
+
+	return minPositive(maxRows, maxRowsByParams), nil
+}
+
+func buildBatchInsertQuery(tableName string, columns []string, values [][]interface{}) (string, []interface{}) {
+	placeholderGroup := "(" + strings.Repeat("?, ", len(columns)-1) + "?)"
+	placeholders := strings.Repeat(placeholderGroup+", ", len(values)-1) + placeholderGroup
+	query := fmt.Sprintf("INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES %s",
+		tableName,
+		strings.Join(columns, ", "),
+		placeholders)
+
+	args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(values)*len(columns))
+	for _, row := range values {
+		args = append(args, row...)
+	}
+
+	return query, args
+}
+
+func (s *StarDB) batchInsertChunked(ctx context.Context, tableName string, columns []string, values [][]interface{}, chunkSize int) (sql.Result, error) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+
+	tx, err := s.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	chunkCount := (len(values) + chunkSize - 1) / chunkSize
+	results := make([]sql.Result, 0, chunkCount)
+	for start := 0; start < len(values); start += chunkSize {
+		end := start + chunkSize
+		if end > len(values) {
+			end = len(values)
+		}
+		chunkIndex := start/chunkSize + 1
+		query, args := buildBatchInsertQuery(tableName, columns, values[start:end])
+		chunkCtx := withBatchExecMeta(ctx, BatchExecMeta{
+			ChunkIndex:  chunkIndex,
+			ChunkCount:  chunkCount,
+			ChunkRows:   end - start,
+			TotalRows:   len(values),
+			ColumnCount: len(columns),
+		})
+		result, execErr := tx.exec(chunkCtx, query, args...)
+		if execErr != nil {
+			_ = tx.Rollback()
+			return nil, execErr
+		}
+		results = append(results, result)
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		_ = tx.Rollback()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return multiSQLResult{results: results}, nil
+}
+
 // BatchInsert performs batch insert operation
 // Usage: BatchInsert("users", []string{"name", "age"}, [][]interface{}{{"Alice", 25}, {"Bob", 30}})
 func (s *StarDB) BatchInsert(tableName string, columns []string, values [][]interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
@@ -21,26 +233,33 @@ func (s *StarDB) BatchInsertContext(ctx context.Context, tableName string, colum
 
 // batchInsert is the internal implementation
 func (s *StarDB) batchInsert(ctx context.Context, tableName string, columns []string, values [][]interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(tableName) == "" {
+		return nil, ErrTableNameEmpty
+	}
+
+	if len(columns) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrNoInsertColumns
+	}
+
 	if len(values) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no values to insert")
+		return nil, ErrNoInsertValues
 	}
 
-	// Build placeholders: (?, ?), (?, ?), ...
+	for i, row := range values {
-	placeholderGroup := "(" + strings.Repeat("?, ", len(columns)-1) + "?)"
+		if len(row) != len(columns) {
-	placeholders := strings.Repeat(placeholderGroup+", ", len(values)-1) + placeholderGroup
+			return nil, wrapBatchRowValueCountMismatch(i, len(row), len(columns))
-
+		}
-	// Build SQL
-	query := fmt.Sprintf("INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES %s",
-		tableName,
-		strings.Join(columns, ", "),
-		placeholders)
-
-	// Flatten values
-	var args []interface{}
-	for _, row := range values {
-		args = append(args, row...)
 	}
 
+	chunkSize, err := s.batchInsertChunkSize(len(columns))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if chunkSize > 0 && len(values) > chunkSize {
+		return s.batchInsertChunked(ctx, tableName, columns, values, chunkSize)
+	}
+
+	query, args := buildBatchInsertQuery(tableName, columns, values)
 	return s.exec(ctx, query, args...)
 }
 
@@ -56,18 +275,25 @@ func (s *StarDB) BatchInsertStructsContext(ctx context.Context, tableName string
 
 // batchInsertStructs is the internal implementation
 func (s *StarDB) batchInsertStructs(ctx context.Context, tableName string, structs interface{}, autoIncrementFields ...string) (sql.Result, error) {
+	if structs == nil {
+		return nil, ErrStructsNil
+	}
+
 	// Get slice of structs
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(structs)
 	if targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		if targetValue.IsNil() {
+			return nil, ErrStructsPointerNil
+		}
 		targetValue = targetValue.Elem()
 	}
 
 	if targetValue.Kind() != reflect.Slice && targetValue.Kind() != reflect.Array {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("structs must be a slice or array")
+		return nil, ErrStructsNotSlice
 	}
 
 	if targetValue.Len() == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no structs to insert")
+		return nil, ErrNoStructsToInsert
 	}
 
 	// Get field names from first struct

builder.go

@@ -7,13 +7,17 @@ import (
 
 // QueryBuilder helps build SQL queries
 type QueryBuilder struct {
-	table     string
+	table      string
-	columns   []string
+	columns    []string
-	where     []string
+	joins      []string
-	whereArgs []interface{}
+	where      []string
-	orderBy   string
+	whereArgs  []interface{}
-	limit     int
+	groupBy    []string
-	offset    int
+	having     []string
+	havingArgs []interface{}
+	orderBy    string
+	limit      int
+	offset     int
 }
 
 // NewQueryBuilder creates a new query builder
@@ -37,6 +41,25 @@ func (qb *QueryBuilder) Where(condition string, args ...interface{}) *QueryBuild
 	return qb
 }
 
+// Join adds a JOIN clause.
+func (qb *QueryBuilder) Join(clause string) *QueryBuilder {
+	qb.joins = append(qb.joins, clause)
+	return qb
+}
+
+// GroupBy sets GROUP BY columns.
+func (qb *QueryBuilder) GroupBy(columns ...string) *QueryBuilder {
+	qb.groupBy = append(qb.groupBy, columns...)
+	return qb
+}
+
+// Having adds a HAVING condition.
+func (qb *QueryBuilder) Having(condition string, args ...interface{}) *QueryBuilder {
+	qb.having = append(qb.having, condition)
+	qb.havingArgs = append(qb.havingArgs, args...)
+	return qb
+}
+
 // OrderBy sets the ORDER BY clause
 func (qb *QueryBuilder) OrderBy(orderBy string) *QueryBuilder {
 	qb.orderBy = orderBy
@@ -63,11 +86,26 @@ func (qb *QueryBuilder) Build() (string, []interface{}) {
 	parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("SELECT %s FROM %s",
 		strings.Join(qb.columns, ", "), qb.table))
 
+	// JOIN
+	if len(qb.joins) > 0 {
+		parts = append(parts, strings.Join(qb.joins, " "))
+	}
+
 	// WHERE
 	if len(qb.where) > 0 {
 		parts = append(parts, "WHERE "+strings.Join(qb.where, " AND "))
 	}
 
+	// GROUP BY
+	if len(qb.groupBy) > 0 {
+		parts = append(parts, "GROUP BY "+strings.Join(qb.groupBy, ", "))
+	}
+
+	// HAVING
+	if len(qb.having) > 0 {
+		parts = append(parts, "HAVING "+strings.Join(qb.having, " AND "))
+	}
+
 	// ORDER BY
 	if qb.orderBy != "" {
 		parts = append(parts, "ORDER BY "+qb.orderBy)
@@ -83,7 +121,10 @@ func (qb *QueryBuilder) Build() (string, []interface{}) {
 		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("OFFSET %d", qb.offset))
 	}
 
-	return strings.Join(parts, " "), qb.whereArgs
+	args := make([]interface{}, 0, len(qb.whereArgs)+len(qb.havingArgs))
+	args = append(args, qb.whereArgs...)
+	args = append(args, qb.havingArgs...)
+	return strings.Join(parts, " "), args
 }
 
 // Query executes the query

builder_test.go

@@ -271,6 +271,21 @@ func TestQueryBuilder_Chaining(t *testing.T) {
 	if qb != qb6 {
 		t.Error("Offset should return the same builder instance")
 	}
+
+	qb7 := qb.Join("LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.user_id = users.id")
+	if qb != qb7 {
+		t.Error("Join should return the same builder instance")
+	}
+
+	qb8 := qb.GroupBy("users.id")
+	if qb != qb8 {
+		t.Error("GroupBy should return the same builder instance")
+	}
+
+	qb9 := qb.Having("COUNT(o.id) > ?", 1)
+	if qb != qb9 {
+		t.Error("Having should return the same builder instance")
+	}
 }
 
 func TestQueryBuilder_EmptyWhere(t *testing.T) {
@@ -439,6 +454,50 @@ func TestQueryBuilder_JoinLikeWhere(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestQueryBuilder_Build_WithJoinGroupByHaving(t *testing.T) {
+	qb := NewQueryBuilder("users u").
+		Select("u.id", "u.name", "COUNT(o.id) AS order_count").
+		Join("LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.user_id = u.id").
+		Where("u.active = ?", true).
+		GroupBy("u.id", "u.name").
+		Having("COUNT(o.id) > ?", 2).
+		OrderBy("order_count DESC")
+
+	query, args := qb.Build()
+
+	expectedQuery := "SELECT u.id, u.name, COUNT(o.id) AS order_count FROM users u LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.user_id = u.id WHERE u.active = ? GROUP BY u.id, u.name HAVING COUNT(o.id) > ? ORDER BY order_count DESC"
+	if query != expectedQuery {
+		t.Errorf("Expected query:\n%s\nGot:\n%s", expectedQuery, query)
+	}
+
+	expectedArgs := []interface{}{true, 2}
+	if len(args) != len(expectedArgs) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected %d args, got %d", len(expectedArgs), len(args))
+	}
+	for i, expected := range expectedArgs {
+		if args[i] != expected {
+			t.Errorf("Expected arg[%d] = %v, got %v", i, expected, args[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestQueryBuilder_Build_HavingWithoutWhere(t *testing.T) {
+	qb := NewQueryBuilder("orders").
+		Select("user_id", "COUNT(*) AS cnt").
+		GroupBy("user_id").
+		Having("COUNT(*) >= ?", 3)
+
+	query, args := qb.Build()
+
+	expectedQuery := "SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) AS cnt FROM orders GROUP BY user_id HAVING COUNT(*) >= ?"
+	if query != expectedQuery {
+		t.Errorf("Expected query '%s', got '%s'", expectedQuery, query)
+	}
+	if len(args) != 1 || args[0] != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected args [3], got %v", args)
+	}
+}
+
 // Benchmark tests
 func BenchmarkQueryBuilder_Simple(b *testing.B) {
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {

converter.go

@@ -1,176 +1,32 @@
 package stardb
 
 import (
-	"strconv"
+	internalconv "b612.me/stardb/internal/convert"
 	"time"
 )
 
 // convertToInt64 converts any value to int64
 func convertToInt64(val interface{}) int64 {
-	switch v := val.(type) {
+	return internalconv.ToInt64(val)
-	case nil:
-		return 0
-	case int:
-		return int64(v)
-	case int32:
-		return int64(v)
-	case int64:
-		return v
-	case uint64:
-		return int64(v)
-	case float32:
-		return int64(v)
-	case float64:
-		return int64(v)
-	case string:
-		result, _ := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
-		return result
-	case bool:
-		if v {
-			return 1
-		}
-		return 0
-	case time.Time:
-		return v.Unix()
-	case []byte:
-		result, _ := strconv.ParseInt(string(v), 10, 64)
-		return result
-	default:
-		return 0
-	}
 }
 
 // convertToUint64 converts any value to uint64
 func convertToUint64(val interface{}) uint64 {
-	switch v := val.(type) {
+	return internalconv.ToUint64(val)
-	case nil:
-		return 0
-	case int:
-		return uint64(v)
-	case int32:
-		return uint64(v)
-	case int64:
-		return uint64(v)
-	case uint64:
-		return v
-	case float32:
-		return uint64(v)
-	case float64:
-		return uint64(v)
-	case string:
-		result, _ := strconv.ParseUint(v, 10, 64)
-		return result
-	case bool:
-		if v {
-			return 1
-		}
-		return 0
-	case time.Time:
-		return uint64(v.Unix())
-	case []byte:
-		result, _ := strconv.ParseUint(string(v), 10, 64)
-		return result
-	default:
-		return 0
-	}
 }
 
 // convertToFloat64 converts any value to float64
 func convertToFloat64(val interface{}) float64 {
-	switch v := val.(type) {
+	return internalconv.ToFloat64(val)
-	case nil:
-		return 0
-	case int:
-		return float64(v)
-	case int32:
-		return float64(v)
-	case int64:
-		return float64(v)
-	case uint64:
-		return float64(v)
-	case float32:
-		return float64(v)
-	case float64:
-		return v
-	case string:
-		result, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(v, 64)
-		return result
-	case bool:
-		if v {
-			return 1
-		}
-		return 0
-	case time.Time:
-		return float64(v.Unix())
-	case []byte:
-		result, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(string(v), 64)
-		return result
-	default:
-		return 0
-	}
 }
 
 // convertToBool converts any value to bool
 // Non-zero numbers are considered true
 func convertToBool(val interface{}) bool {
-	switch v := val.(type) {
+	return internalconv.ToBool(val)
-	case nil:
-		return false
-	case bool:
-		return v
-	case int:
-		return v != 0
-	case int32:
-		return v != 0
-	case int64:
-		return v != 0
-	case uint64:
-		return v != 0
-	case float32:
-		return v != 0
-	case float64:
-		return v != 0
-	case string:
-		result, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v)
-		return result
-	case []byte:
-		result, _ := strconv.ParseBool(string(v))
-		return result
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
 }
 
 // convertToTime converts any value to time.Time
 func convertToTime(val interface{}, layout string) time.Time {
-	switch v := val.(type) {
+	return internalconv.ToTime(val, layout)
-	case nil:
-		return time.Time{}
-	case time.Time:
-		return v
-	case int:
-		return time.Unix(int64(v), 0)
-	case int32:
-		return time.Unix(int64(v), 0)
-	case int64:
-		return time.Unix(v, 0)
-	case uint64:
-		return time.Unix(int64(v), 0)
-	case float32:
-		sec := int64(v)
-		nsec := int64((v - float32(sec)) * 1e9)
-		return time.Unix(sec, nsec)
-	case float64:
-		sec := int64(v)
-		nsec := int64((v - float64(sec)) * 1e9)
-		return time.Unix(sec, nsec)
-	case string:
-		result, _ := time.Parse(layout, v)
-		return result
-	case []byte:
-		result, _ := time.Parse(layout, string(v))
-		return result
-	default:
-		return time.Time{}
-	}
 }

converter_safe.go

@@ -1,68 +1,13 @@
 package stardb
 
-import (
+import internalconv "b612.me/stardb/internal/convert"
-	"fmt"
-	"strconv"
-	"time"
-)
 
 // ConvertToInt64Safe converts any value to int64 with error handling
 func ConvertToInt64Safe(val interface{}) (int64, error) {
-	switch v := val.(type) {
+	return internalconv.ToInt64Safe(val)
-	case nil:
-		return 0, nil
-	case int:
-		return int64(v), nil
-	case int32:
-		return int64(v), nil
-	case int64:
-		return v, nil
-	case uint64:
-		return int64(v), nil
-	case float32:
-		return int64(v), nil
-	case float64:
-		return int64(v), nil
-	case string:
-		return strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
-	case bool:
-		if v {
-			return 1, nil
-		}
-		return 0, nil
-	case time.Time:
-		return v.Unix(), nil
-	case []byte:
-		return strconv.ParseInt(string(v), 10, 64)
-	default:
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot convert %T to int64", val)
-	}
 }
 
 // ConvertToStringSafe converts any value to string with error handling
 func ConvertToStringSafe(val interface{}) (string, error) {
-	switch v := val.(type) {
+	return internalconv.ToStringSafe(val)
-	case nil:
-		return "", nil
-	case string:
-		return v, nil
-	case int:
-		return strconv.Itoa(v), nil
-	case int32:
-		return strconv.FormatInt(int64(v), 10), nil
-	case int64:
-		return strconv.FormatInt(v, 10), nil
-	case float32:
-		return strconv.FormatFloat(float64(v), 'f', -1, 32), nil
-	case float64:
-		return strconv.FormatFloat(v, 'f', -1, 64), nil
-	case bool:
-		return strconv.FormatBool(v), nil
-	case time.Time:
-		return v.String(), nil
-	case []byte:
-		return string(v), nil
-	default:
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot convert %T to string", val)
-	}
 }

errors.go

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package stardb
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+var (
+	// Lifecycle errors.
+	ErrDBNotInitialized     = errors.New("database is not initialized; call Open or SetDB first")
+	ErrTxNotInitialized     = errors.New("transaction is not initialized")
+	ErrStmtNotInitialized   = errors.New("statement is not initialized")
+	ErrStmtDBNotInitialized = errors.New("statement database context is not initialized")
+
+	// SQL input errors.
+	ErrQueryEmpty     = errors.New("query string cannot be empty")
+	ErrScanStopped    = errors.New("scan stopped by callback")
+	ErrScanFuncNil    = errors.New("scan callback cannot be nil")
+	ErrScanORMFuncNil = errors.New("scan orm callback cannot be nil")
+
+	// Mapping and schema errors.
+	ErrColumnNotFound     = errors.New("column not found")
+	ErrFieldNotFound      = errors.New("field not found")
+	ErrRowIndexOutOfRange = errors.New("row index out of range")
+
+	// Target validation errors.
+	ErrTargetNil         = errors.New("target cannot be nil")
+	ErrTargetsNil        = errors.New("targets cannot be nil")
+	ErrTargetNotPointer  = errors.New("target must be a pointer")
+	ErrTargetPointerNil  = errors.New("target pointer cannot be nil")
+	ErrTargetsPointerNil = errors.New("targets pointer is nil")
+	ErrTargetNotStruct   = errors.New("target is not a struct")
+	ErrTargetNotWritable = errors.New("target is not writable")
+	ErrPointerTargetNil  = errors.New("pointer target is nil")
+
+	// SQL builder errors.
+	ErrTableNameEmpty             = errors.New("table name cannot be empty")
+	ErrPrimaryKeyRequired         = errors.New("at least one primary key is required")
+	ErrPrimaryKeyEmpty            = errors.New("primary key cannot be empty")
+	ErrNoInsertColumns            = errors.New("no columns to insert")
+	ErrNoInsertValues             = errors.New("no values to insert")
+	ErrBatchInsertMaxParamsTooLow = errors.New("batch insert max params is lower than column count")
+	ErrNoUpdateFields             = errors.New("no fields to update after excluding primary keys")
+	ErrBatchRowValueCountMismatch = errors.New("row values count does not match columns")
+	ErrStructsNil                 = errors.New("structs cannot be nil")
+	ErrStructsPointerNil          = errors.New("structs pointer is nil")
+	ErrStructsNotSlice            = errors.New("structs must be a slice or array")
+	ErrNoStructsToInsert          = errors.New("no structs to insert")
+
+	// Transaction helper errors.
+	ErrTxFuncNil = errors.New("transaction callback cannot be nil")
+)
+
+func wrapColumnNotFound(column string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrColumnNotFound, column)
+}
+
+func wrapFieldNotFound(field string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFieldNotFound, field)
+}
+
+func wrapBatchRowValueCountMismatch(rowIndex, got, expected int) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w: row %d has %d values, expected %d", ErrBatchRowValueCountMismatch, rowIndex, got, expected)
+}

internal/convert/basic.go

@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+package convert
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var defaultNullTimeLayouts = []string{
+	time.RFC3339Nano,
+	time.RFC3339,
+	"2006-01-02 15:04:05",
+	"2006-01-02",
+}
+
+// ToInt64 converts any value to int64.
+func ToInt64(val interface{}) int64 {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return 0
+	case int:
+		return int64(v)
+	case int32:
+		return int64(v)
+	case int64:
+		return v
+	case uint64:
+		return int64(v)
+	case float32:
+		return int64(v)
+	case float64:
+		return int64(v)
+	case string:
+		result, _ := strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+		return result
+	case bool:
+		if v {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return 0
+	case time.Time:
+		return v.Unix()
+	case []byte:
+		result, _ := strconv.ParseInt(string(v), 10, 64)
+		return result
+	default:
+		return 0
+	}
+}
+
+// ToUint64 converts any value to uint64.
+func ToUint64(val interface{}) uint64 {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return 0
+	case int:
+		return uint64(v)
+	case int32:
+		return uint64(v)
+	case int64:
+		return uint64(v)
+	case uint64:
+		return v
+	case float32:
+		return uint64(v)
+	case float64:
+		return uint64(v)
+	case string:
+		result, _ := strconv.ParseUint(v, 10, 64)
+		return result
+	case bool:
+		if v {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return 0
+	case time.Time:
+		return uint64(v.Unix())
+	case []byte:
+		result, _ := strconv.ParseUint(string(v), 10, 64)
+		return result
+	default:
+		return 0
+	}
+}
+
+// ToFloat64 converts any value to float64.
+func ToFloat64(val interface{}) float64 {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return 0
+	case int:
+		return float64(v)
+	case int32:
+		return float64(v)
+	case int64:
+		return float64(v)
+	case uint64:
+		return float64(v)
+	case float32:
+		return float64(v)
+	case float64:
+		return v
+	case string:
+		result, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(v, 64)
+		return result
+	case bool:
+		if v {
+			return 1
+		}
+		return 0
+	case time.Time:
+		return float64(v.Unix())
+	case []byte:
+		result, _ := strconv.ParseFloat(string(v), 64)
+		return result
+	default:
+		return 0
+	}
+}
+
+// ToBool converts any value to bool.
+func ToBool(val interface{}) bool {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return false
+	case bool:
+		return v
+	case int:
+		return v != 0
+	case int32:
+		return v != 0
+	case int64:
+		return v != 0
+	case uint64:
+		return v != 0
+	case float32:
+		return v != 0
+	case float64:
+		return v != 0
+	case string:
+		result, _ := strconv.ParseBool(v)
+		return result
+	case []byte:
+		result, _ := strconv.ParseBool(string(v))
+		return result
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// ToTime converts any value to time.Time.
+func ToTime(val interface{}, layout string) time.Time {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return time.Time{}
+	case time.Time:
+		return v
+	case int:
+		return time.Unix(int64(v), 0)
+	case int32:
+		return time.Unix(int64(v), 0)
+	case int64:
+		return time.Unix(v, 0)
+	case uint64:
+		return time.Unix(int64(v), 0)
+	case float32:
+		sec := int64(v)
+		nsec := int64((v - float32(sec)) * 1e9)
+		return time.Unix(sec, nsec)
+	case float64:
+		sec := int64(v)
+		nsec := int64((v - float64(sec)) * 1e9)
+		return time.Unix(sec, nsec)
+	case string:
+		result, _ := time.Parse(layout, v)
+		return result
+	case []byte:
+		result, _ := time.Parse(layout, string(v))
+		return result
+	default:
+		return time.Time{}
+	}
+}
+
+// ToInt64Safe converts any value to int64 with error handling.
+func ToInt64Safe(val interface{}) (int64, error) {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return 0, nil
+	case int:
+		return int64(v), nil
+	case int32:
+		return int64(v), nil
+	case int64:
+		return v, nil
+	case uint64:
+		return int64(v), nil
+	case float32:
+		return int64(v), nil
+	case float64:
+		return int64(v), nil
+	case string:
+		return strconv.ParseInt(v, 10, 64)
+	case bool:
+		if v {
+			return 1, nil
+		}
+		return 0, nil
+	case time.Time:
+		return v.Unix(), nil
+	case []byte:
+		return strconv.ParseInt(string(v), 10, 64)
+	default:
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot convert %T to int64", val)
+	}
+}
+
+// ToStringSafe converts any value to string with error handling.
+func ToStringSafe(val interface{}) (string, error) {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return "", nil
+	case string:
+		return v, nil
+	case int:
+		return strconv.Itoa(v), nil
+	case int32:
+		return strconv.FormatInt(int64(v), 10), nil
+	case int64:
+		return strconv.FormatInt(v, 10), nil
+	case float32:
+		return strconv.FormatFloat(float64(v), 'f', -1, 32), nil
+	case float64:
+		return strconv.FormatFloat(v, 'f', -1, 64), nil
+	case bool:
+		return strconv.FormatBool(v), nil
+	case time.Time:
+		return v.String(), nil
+	case []byte:
+		return string(v), nil
+	default:
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("cannot convert %T to string", val)
+	}
+}
+
+// ToFloat64Safe converts any value to float64 with error handling.
+func ToFloat64Safe(val interface{}) (float64, error) {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return 0, nil
+	case float64:
+		return v, nil
+	case float32:
+		return float64(v), nil
+	case int, int32, int64, uint64:
+		intVal, err := ToInt64Safe(v)
+		return float64(intVal), err
+	case string:
+		return strconv.ParseFloat(v, 64)
+	case []byte:
+		return strconv.ParseFloat(string(v), 64)
+	default:
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot convert %T to float64", val)
+	}
+}
+
+// ToBoolSafe converts any value to bool with error handling.
+func ToBoolSafe(val interface{}) (bool, error) {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return false, nil
+	case bool:
+		return v, nil
+	case int:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case int8:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case int16:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case int32:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case int64:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case uint:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case uint8:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case uint16:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case uint32:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case uint64:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case float32:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case float64:
+		return v != 0, nil
+	case string:
+		return ParseBoolString(v)
+	case []byte:
+		return ParseBoolString(string(v))
+	default:
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("cannot convert %T to bool", val)
+	}
+}
+
+// ParseBoolString parses string-like bool values.
+func ParseBoolString(raw string) (bool, error) {
+	normalized := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(raw))
+	switch normalized {
+	case "", "0", "false", "f", "off", "no", "n":
+		return false, nil
+	case "1", "true", "t", "on", "yes", "y":
+		return true, nil
+	default:
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse bool value: %q", raw)
+	}
+}
+
+// ToTimeSafe converts any value to time.Time with error handling.
+func ToTimeSafe(val interface{}) (time.Time, error) {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return time.Time{}, nil
+	case time.Time:
+		return v, nil
+	case int:
+		return time.Unix(int64(v), 0), nil
+	case int64:
+		return time.Unix(v, 0), nil
+	case string:
+		return ParseTimeValue(v)
+	case []byte:
+		return ParseTimeValue(string(v))
+	default:
+		return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("cannot convert %T to time.Time", val)
+	}
+}
+
+// ParseTimeValue parses common SQL date-time formats and unix timestamp.
+func ParseTimeValue(raw string) (time.Time, error) {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(raw)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return time.Time{}, nil
+	}
+
+	for _, layout := range defaultNullTimeLayouts {
+		if t, err := time.Parse(layout, trimmed); err == nil {
+			return t, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ts, err := strconv.ParseInt(trimmed, 10, 64); err == nil {
+		return time.Unix(ts, 0), nil
+	}
+
+	return time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse time value: %q", raw)
+}

internal/scanutil/value_clone.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package scanutil
+
+// CloneScannedValue copies driver-scanned values that may be reused by driver.
+// []byte is deep-copied; other types are returned as-is.
+func CloneScannedValue(val interface{}) interface{} {
+	if b, ok := val.([]byte); ok {
+		copied := make([]byte, len(b))
+		copy(copied, b)
+		return copied
+	}
+	return val
+}

internal/sqlplaceholder/convert.go

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+package sqlplaceholder
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// ConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders converts '?' to '$1,$2,...' in SQL text.
+// It skips quoted strings, quoted identifiers and comments.
+func ConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders(query string) string {
+	if query == "" || !strings.Contains(query, "?") {
+		return query
+	}
+
+	const (
+		stateNormal = iota
+		stateSingleQuote
+		stateDoubleQuote
+		stateBacktick
+		stateLineComment
+		stateBlockComment
+	)
+
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.Grow(len(query) + 8)
+
+	state := stateNormal
+	index := 1
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(query); i++ {
+		c := query[i]
+
+		switch state {
+		case stateNormal:
+			if c == '\'' {
+				state = stateSingleQuote
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '"' {
+				state = stateDoubleQuote
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '`' {
+				state = stateBacktick
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '-' && i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '-' {
+				state = stateLineComment
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				i++
+				b.WriteByte(query[i])
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '/' && i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '*' {
+				state = stateBlockComment
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				i++
+				b.WriteByte(query[i])
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '?' {
+				b.WriteByte('$')
+				b.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(index))
+				index++
+				continue
+			}
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+
+		case stateSingleQuote:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '\'' {
+				// SQL escaped single quote: ''
+				if i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '\'' {
+					i++
+					b.WriteByte(query[i])
+					continue
+				}
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateDoubleQuote:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '"' {
+				// escaped double quote: ""
+				if i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '"' {
+					i++
+					b.WriteByte(query[i])
+					continue
+				}
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateBacktick:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '`' {
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateLineComment:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '\n' {
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateBlockComment:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '*' && i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '/' {
+				i++
+				b.WriteByte(query[i])
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return b.String()
+}

internal/sqlruntime/fingerprint.go

@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+package sqlruntime
+
+import "strings"
+
+// FingerprintSQL creates a normalized SQL fingerprint.
+// mode controls literal masking; keepComments controls whether comments are preserved.
+func FingerprintSQL(query string, mode int, keepComments bool) string {
+	prepared := query
+	if !keepComments {
+		prepared = stripSQLComments(prepared)
+	}
+
+	normalized := normalizeSQL(prepared)
+	if normalized == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if NormalizeFingerprintMode(mode) == fingerprintModeMaskLiterals {
+		return maskSQLLiterals(normalized, keepComments)
+	}
+	return normalized
+}
+
+func normalizeSQL(query string) string {
+	normalized := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(query))
+	if normalized == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return strings.Join(strings.Fields(normalized), " ")
+}
+
+func stripSQLComments(query string) string {
+	if query == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	const (
+		stateNormal = iota
+		stateSingleQuote
+		stateDoubleQuote
+		stateBacktick
+		stateLineComment
+		stateBlockComment
+	)
+
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.Grow(len(query))
+	state := stateNormal
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(query); i++ {
+		c := query[i]
+
+		switch state {
+		case stateNormal:
+			if c == '\'' {
+				state = stateSingleQuote
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '"' {
+				state = stateDoubleQuote
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '`' {
+				state = stateBacktick
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '-' && i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '-' {
+				b.WriteByte(' ')
+				i++
+				state = stateLineComment
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '/' && i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '*' {
+				b.WriteByte(' ')
+				i++
+				state = stateBlockComment
+				continue
+			}
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+
+		case stateSingleQuote:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '\'' {
+				if i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '\'' {
+					i++
+					b.WriteByte(query[i])
+					continue
+				}
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateDoubleQuote:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '"' {
+				if i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '"' {
+					i++
+					b.WriteByte(query[i])
+					continue
+				}
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateBacktick:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '`' {
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateLineComment:
+			if c == '\n' {
+				b.WriteByte(' ')
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateBlockComment:
+			if c == '*' && i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '/' {
+				b.WriteByte(' ')
+				i++
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+func maskSQLLiterals(query string, keepComments bool) string {
+	if query == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	const (
+		stateNormal = iota
+		stateSingleQuote
+		stateDoubleQuote
+		stateBacktick
+		stateLineComment
+		stateBlockComment
+	)
+
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.Grow(len(query))
+	state := stateNormal
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(query); i++ {
+		c := query[i]
+
+		switch state {
+		case stateNormal:
+			if c == '\'' {
+				b.WriteByte('?')
+				state = stateSingleQuote
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '"' {
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				state = stateDoubleQuote
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '`' {
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+				state = stateBacktick
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '-' && i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '-' {
+				if keepComments {
+					b.WriteByte(c)
+					i++
+					b.WriteByte(query[i])
+				} else {
+					b.WriteByte(' ')
+					i++
+				}
+				state = stateLineComment
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '/' && i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '*' {
+				if keepComments {
+					b.WriteByte(c)
+					i++
+					b.WriteByte(query[i])
+				} else {
+					b.WriteByte(' ')
+					i++
+				}
+				state = stateBlockComment
+				continue
+			}
+			if c == '$' {
+				j := i + 1
+				for j < len(query) && isDigit(query[j]) {
+					j++
+				}
+				if j > i+1 {
+					b.WriteByte('?')
+					i = j - 1
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+			if c == '-' && i+1 < len(query) && isDigit(query[i+1]) && isNumberBoundaryBefore(query, i) {
+				j := scanNumber(query, i+1)
+				if isNumberBoundaryAfter(query, j) {
+					b.WriteByte('?')
+					i = j - 1
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+			if isDigit(c) && isNumberBoundaryBefore(query, i) {
+				j := scanNumber(query, i)
+				if isNumberBoundaryAfter(query, j) {
+					b.WriteByte('?')
+					i = j - 1
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+
+		case stateSingleQuote:
+			if c == '\'' {
+				if i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '\'' {
+					i++
+					continue
+				}
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateDoubleQuote:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '"' {
+				if i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '"' {
+					i++
+					b.WriteByte(query[i])
+					continue
+				}
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateBacktick:
+			b.WriteByte(c)
+			if c == '`' {
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateLineComment:
+			if keepComments {
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+			}
+			if c == '\n' {
+				if !keepComments {
+					b.WriteByte(' ')
+				}
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+
+		case stateBlockComment:
+			if keepComments {
+				b.WriteByte(c)
+			}
+			if c == '*' && i+1 < len(query) && query[i+1] == '/' {
+				if keepComments {
+					i++
+					b.WriteByte(query[i])
+				} else {
+					b.WriteByte(' ')
+					i++
+				}
+				state = stateNormal
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(strings.Fields(b.String()), " ")
+}
+
+func isDigit(c byte) bool {
+	return c >= '0' && c <= '9'
+}
+
+func isIdentifierChar(c byte) bool {
+	return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '_'
+}
+
+func isNumberBoundaryBefore(query string, index int) bool {
+	if index <= 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	prev := query[index-1]
+	return !isIdentifierChar(prev) && prev != '$' && prev != '.'
+}
+
+func isNumberBoundaryAfter(query string, index int) bool {
+	if index >= len(query) {
+		return true
+	}
+	next := query[index]
+	return !isIdentifierChar(next) && next != '.'
+}
+
+func scanNumber(query string, start int) int {
+	i := start
+	for i < len(query) && isDigit(query[i]) {
+		i++
+	}
+	if i < len(query) && query[i] == '.' {
+		i++
+		for i < len(query) && isDigit(query[i]) {
+			i++
+		}
+	}
+	if i < len(query) && (query[i] == 'e' || query[i] == 'E') {
+		i++
+		if i < len(query) && (query[i] == '+' || query[i] == '-') {
+			i++
+		}
+		for i < len(query) && isDigit(query[i]) {
+			i++
+		}
+	}
+	return i
+}

internal/sqlruntime/hooks.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package sqlruntime
+
+import "time"
+
+// CloneHookArgs creates a shallow copy for hook consumers to avoid mutation races.
+func CloneHookArgs(args []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied := make([]interface{}, len(args))
+	copy(copied, args)
+	return copied
+}
+
+// ShouldRunAfterHook decides whether after-hook should run.
+func ShouldRunAfterHook(hasAfterHook bool, slowThreshold, duration time.Duration, err error) bool {
+	if !hasAfterHook {
+		return false
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return true
+	}
+	if slowThreshold <= 0 {
+		return true
+	}
+	return duration >= slowThreshold
+}

internal/sqlruntime/state.go

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+package sqlruntime
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	placeholderQuestion = 0
+	placeholderDollar   = 1
+
+	fingerprintModeBasic        = 0
+	fingerprintModeMaskLiterals = 1
+)
+
+// NormalizePlaceholderStyle converts unknown style values to default question style.
+func NormalizePlaceholderStyle(style int) int {
+	switch style {
+	case placeholderDollar:
+		return placeholderDollar
+	default:
+		return placeholderQuestion
+	}
+}
+
+// NormalizeFingerprintMode converts unknown mode values to default basic mode.
+func NormalizeFingerprintMode(mode int) int {
+	switch mode {
+	case fingerprintModeMaskLiterals:
+		return fingerprintModeMaskLiterals
+	default:
+		return fingerprintModeBasic
+	}
+}
+
+// State stores runtime SQL behavior toggles in a thread-safe manner.
+type State struct {
+	mu                        sync.RWMutex
+	beforeHook                interface{}
+	afterHook                 interface{}
+	placeholder               int
+	slowThreshold             time.Duration
+	fingerprintEnabled        bool
+	fingerprintMode           int
+	fingerprintKeepComments   bool
+	fingerprintCounterEnabled bool
+	fingerprintCounts         map[string]uint64
+}
+
+// Options returns snapshot of current runtime options.
+func (s *State) Options() (before, after interface{}, placeholder int, slowThreshold time.Duration) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return nil, nil, placeholderQuestion, 0
+	}
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	before = s.beforeHook
+	after = s.afterHook
+	placeholder = NormalizePlaceholderStyle(s.placeholder)
+	slowThreshold = s.slowThreshold
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return before, after, placeholder, slowThreshold
+}
+
+// Hooks returns before/after hooks and slow threshold.
+func (s *State) Hooks() (before, after interface{}, slowThreshold time.Duration) {
+	before, after, _, slowThreshold = s.Options()
+	return before, after, slowThreshold
+}
+
+// SetHooks sets before/after hooks.
+func (s *State) SetHooks(before, after interface{}) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.beforeHook = before
+	s.afterHook = after
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// SetBeforeHook sets before hook.
+func (s *State) SetBeforeHook(before interface{}) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.beforeHook = before
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// SetAfterHook sets after hook.
+func (s *State) SetAfterHook(after interface{}) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.afterHook = after
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// SetPlaceholderStyle sets placeholder style.
+func (s *State) SetPlaceholderStyle(style int) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.placeholder = NormalizePlaceholderStyle(style)
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// PlaceholderStyle returns placeholder style.
+func (s *State) PlaceholderStyle() int {
+	if s == nil {
+		return placeholderQuestion
+	}
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	style := NormalizePlaceholderStyle(s.placeholder)
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return style
+}
+
+// SetSlowThreshold sets minimum duration for triggering after hook.
+func (s *State) SetSlowThreshold(threshold time.Duration) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if threshold < 0 {
+		threshold = 0
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.slowThreshold = threshold
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// SlowThreshold returns current slow threshold.
+func (s *State) SlowThreshold() time.Duration {
+	if s == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	threshold := s.slowThreshold
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return threshold
+}
+
+// SetFingerprintEnabled toggles SQL fingerprint metadata generation for hooks.
+func (s *State) SetFingerprintEnabled(enabled bool) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.fingerprintEnabled = enabled
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// FingerprintEnabled reports whether SQL fingerprint metadata generation is enabled.
+func (s *State) FingerprintEnabled() bool {
+	if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	enabled := s.fingerprintEnabled
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return enabled
+}
+
+// SetFingerprintMode sets SQL fingerprint mode.
+func (s *State) SetFingerprintMode(mode int) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.fingerprintMode = NormalizeFingerprintMode(mode)
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// FingerprintMode returns SQL fingerprint mode.
+func (s *State) FingerprintMode() int {
+	if s == nil {
+		return fingerprintModeBasic
+	}
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	mode := NormalizeFingerprintMode(s.fingerprintMode)
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return mode
+}
+
+// SetFingerprintKeepComments toggles comment preservation in generated SQL fingerprints.
+func (s *State) SetFingerprintKeepComments(keep bool) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.fingerprintKeepComments = keep
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// FingerprintKeepComments reports whether comments are kept in generated SQL fingerprints.
+func (s *State) FingerprintKeepComments() bool {
+	if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	keep := s.fingerprintKeepComments
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return keep
+}
+
+// SetFingerprintCounterEnabled toggles in-memory SQL fingerprint hit counter.
+func (s *State) SetFingerprintCounterEnabled(enabled bool) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.fingerprintCounterEnabled = enabled
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// FingerprintCounterEnabled reports whether in-memory SQL fingerprint hit counter is enabled.
+func (s *State) FingerprintCounterEnabled() bool {
+	if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	enabled := s.fingerprintCounterEnabled
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return enabled
+}
+
+// IncFingerprintCount increments hit count for a fingerprint.
+func (s *State) IncFingerprintCount(fingerprint string) {
+	if s == nil || fingerprint == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	if s.fingerprintCounts == nil {
+		s.fingerprintCounts = make(map[string]uint64)
+	}
+	s.fingerprintCounts[fingerprint]++
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// FingerprintCountsSnapshot returns a snapshot copy of fingerprint counters.
+func (s *State) FingerprintCountsSnapshot() map[string]uint64 {
+	if s == nil {
+		return map[string]uint64{}
+	}
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	if len(s.fingerprintCounts) == 0 {
+		s.mu.RUnlock()
+		return map[string]uint64{}
+	}
+	out := make(map[string]uint64, len(s.fingerprintCounts))
+	for k, v := range s.fingerprintCounts {
+		out[k] = v
+	}
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return out
+}
+
+// ResetFingerprintCounts clears all fingerprint counters.
+func (s *State) ResetFingerprintCounts() {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	s.fingerprintCounts = nil
+	s.mu.Unlock()
+}

orm.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package stardb
 import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
@@ -23,20 +22,27 @@ func (r *StarRows) Orm(target interface{}) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if target == nil {
+		return ErrTargetNil
+	}
+
 	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(target)
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(target)
 
 	if targetType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
-		return errors.New("target must be a pointer")
+		return ErrTargetNotPointer
+	}
+	if targetValue.IsNil() {
+		return ErrTargetPointerNil
 	}
 
 	targetType = targetType.Elem()
 	targetValue = targetValue.Elem()
 
-	// Handle slice/array
+	// Handle slice
-	if targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Slice || targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+	if targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
 		elementType := targetType.Elem()
-		result := reflect.New(targetType).Elem()
+		result := reflect.MakeSlice(targetType, 0, r.Length())
 
 		if r.Length() == 0 {
 			targetValue.Set(result)
@@ -55,6 +61,29 @@ func (r *StarRows) Orm(target interface{}) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
+	// Handle array
+	if targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+		elementType := targetType.Elem()
+
+		if r.Length() == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		if r.Length() > targetValue.Len() {
+			return fmt.Errorf("target array length %d is smaller than rows %d", targetValue.Len(), r.Length())
+		}
+
+		for i := 0; i < r.Length(); i++ {
+			element := reflect.New(elementType)
+			if err := r.setStructFieldsFromRow(element.Interface(), "db", i); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			targetValue.Index(i).Set(element.Elem())
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	// Handle single struct
 	if r.Length() == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -63,6 +92,35 @@ func (r *StarRows) Orm(target interface{}) error {
 	return r.setStructFieldsFromRow(target, "db", 0)
 }
 
+func bindNamedArgs(args []interface{}, fieldValues map[string]interface{}) ([]interface{}, error) {
+	processedArgs := make([]interface{}, len(args))
+	for i, arg := range args {
+		str, ok := arg.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			processedArgs[i] = arg
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if strings.HasPrefix(str, `\:`) {
+			processedArgs[i] = str[1:]
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if strings.HasPrefix(str, ":") {
+			fieldName := str[1:]
+			val, exists := fieldValues[fieldName]
+			if !exists {
+				return nil, wrapFieldNotFound(fieldName)
+			}
+			processedArgs[i] = val
+			continue
+		}
+
+		processedArgs[i] = arg
+	}
+	return processedArgs, nil
+}
+
 // QueryX executes a query with named parameter binding
 // Usage: QueryX(&user, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", ":id")
 func (s *StarDB) QueryX(target interface{}, query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
@@ -81,25 +139,9 @@ func (s *StarDB) queryX(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, query string, a
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// Replace named parameters with actual values
+	processedArgs, err := bindNamedArgs(args, fieldValues)
-	processedArgs := make([]interface{}, len(args))
+	if err != nil {
-	for i, arg := range args {
+		return nil, err
-		if str, ok := arg.(string); ok {
-			if strings.HasPrefix(str, ":") {
-				fieldName := str[1:]
-				if val, exists := fieldValues[fieldName]; exists {
-					processedArgs[i] = val
-				} else {
-					processedArgs[i] = ""
-				}
-			} else if strings.HasPrefix(str, `\:`) {
-				processedArgs[i] = str[1:]
-			} else {
-				processedArgs[i] = arg
-			}
-		} else {
-			processedArgs[i] = arg
-		}
 	}
 
 	return s.query(ctx, query, processedArgs...)
@@ -118,16 +160,23 @@ func (s *StarDB) QueryXSContext(ctx context.Context, targets interface{}, query
 // queryXS is the internal implementation
 func (s *StarDB) queryXS(ctx context.Context, targets interface{}, query string, args ...interface{}) ([]*StarRows, error) {
 	var results []*StarRows
+	if targets == nil {
+		return results, ErrTargetsNil
+	}
 
 	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(targets)
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(targets)
 
 	if targetType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		if targetValue.IsNil() {
+			return results, ErrTargetsPointerNil
+		}
 		targetType = targetType.Elem()
 		targetValue = targetValue.Elem()
 	}
 
 	if targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Slice || targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+		results = make([]*StarRows, 0, targetValue.Len())
 		for i := 0; i < targetValue.Len(); i++ {
 			result, err := s.queryX(ctx, targetValue.Index(i).Interface(), query, args...)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -163,25 +212,9 @@ func (s *StarDB) execX(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, query string, ar
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// Replace named parameters with actual values
+	processedArgs, err := bindNamedArgs(args, fieldValues)
-	processedArgs := make([]interface{}, len(args))
+	if err != nil {
-	for i, arg := range args {
+		return nil, err
-		if str, ok := arg.(string); ok {
-			if strings.HasPrefix(str, ":") {
-				fieldName := str[1:]
-				if val, exists := fieldValues[fieldName]; exists {
-					processedArgs[i] = val
-				} else {
-					processedArgs[i] = ""
-				}
-			} else if strings.HasPrefix(str, `\:`) {
-				processedArgs[i] = str[1:]
-			} else {
-				processedArgs[i] = arg
-			}
-		} else {
-			processedArgs[i] = arg
-		}
 	}
 
 	return s.exec(ctx, query, processedArgs...)
@@ -200,16 +233,23 @@ func (s *StarDB) ExecXSContext(ctx context.Context, targets interface{}, query s
 // execXS is the internal implementation
 func (s *StarDB) execXS(ctx context.Context, targets interface{}, query string, args ...interface{}) ([]sql.Result, error) {
 	var results []sql.Result
+	if targets == nil {
+		return results, ErrTargetsNil
+	}
 
 	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(targets)
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(targets)
 
 	if targetType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		if targetValue.IsNil() {
+			return results, ErrTargetsPointerNil
+		}
 		targetType = targetType.Elem()
 		targetValue = targetValue.Elem()
 	}
 
 	if targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Slice || targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+		results = make([]sql.Result, 0, targetValue.Len())
 		for i := 0; i < targetValue.Len(); i++ {
 			result, err := s.execX(ctx, targetValue.Index(i).Interface(), query, args...)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -246,9 +286,9 @@ func (s *StarDB) insert(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, tableName strin
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	args := []interface{}{}
+	args := make([]interface{}, len(params))
-	for _, param := range params {
+	for i, param := range params {
-		args = append(args, param)
+		args[i] = param
 	}
 
 	return s.execX(ctx, target, query, args...)
@@ -272,9 +312,9 @@ func (s *StarDB) update(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, tableName strin
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	args := []interface{}{}
+	args := make([]interface{}, len(params))
-	for _, param := range params {
+	for i, param := range params {
-		args = append(args, param)
+		args[i] = param
 	}
 
 	return s.execX(ctx, target, query, args...)
@@ -282,6 +322,10 @@ func (s *StarDB) update(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, tableName strin
 
 // buildInsertSQL builds an INSERT SQL statement
 func buildInsertSQL(target interface{}, tableName string, autoIncrementFields ...string) (string, []string, error) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(tableName) == "" {
+		return "", []string{}, ErrTableNameEmpty
+	}
+
 	fieldNames, err := getStructFieldNames(target, "db")
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", []string{}, err
@@ -290,17 +334,14 @@ func buildInsertSQL(target interface{}, tableName string, autoIncrementFields ..
 	var columns []string
 	var placeholders []string
 	var params []string
+	autoIncrementSet := make(map[string]struct{}, len(autoIncrementFields))
+	for _, autoField := range autoIncrementFields {
+		autoIncrementSet[autoField] = struct{}{}
+	}
 
 	for _, fieldName := range fieldNames {
 		// Skip auto-increment fields
-		isAutoIncrement := false
+		if _, isAutoIncrement := autoIncrementSet[fieldName]; isAutoIncrement {
-		for _, autoField := range autoIncrementFields {
-			if fieldName == autoField {
-				isAutoIncrement = true
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if isAutoIncrement {
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -309,6 +350,10 @@ func buildInsertSQL(target interface{}, tableName string, autoIncrementFields ..
 		params = append(params, ":"+fieldName)
 	}
 
+	if len(columns) == 0 {
+		return "", []string{}, ErrNoInsertColumns
+	}
+
 	query := fmt.Sprintf("INSERT INTO %s (%s) VALUES (%s)",
 		tableName,
 		strings.Join(columns, ", "),
@@ -319,20 +364,43 @@ func buildInsertSQL(target interface{}, tableName string, autoIncrementFields ..
 
 // buildUpdateSQL builds an UPDATE SQL statement
 func buildUpdateSQL(target interface{}, tableName string, primaryKeys ...string) (string, []string, error) {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(tableName) == "" {
+		return "", []string{}, ErrTableNameEmpty
+	}
+
 	fieldNames, err := getStructFieldNames(target, "db")
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", []string{}, err
 	}
 
+	if len(primaryKeys) == 0 {
+		return "", []string{}, ErrPrimaryKeyRequired
+	}
+
+	primaryKeySet := make(map[string]struct{}, len(primaryKeys))
+	for _, pk := range primaryKeys {
+		if pk == "" {
+			return "", []string{}, ErrPrimaryKeyEmpty
+		}
+		primaryKeySet[pk] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
 	var setClauses []string
 	var params []string
 
 	// Build SET clause
 	for _, fieldName := range fieldNames {
+		if _, isPrimaryKey := primaryKeySet[fieldName]; isPrimaryKey {
+			continue
+		}
 		setClauses = append(setClauses, fmt.Sprintf("%s = ?", fieldName))
 		params = append(params, ":"+fieldName)
 	}
 
+	if len(setClauses) == 0 {
+		return "", []string{}, ErrNoUpdateFields
+	}
+
 	// Build WHERE clause
 	var whereClauses []string
 	for _, pk := range primaryKeys {
@@ -367,24 +435,9 @@ func (t *StarTx) queryX(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, query string, a
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	processedArgs := make([]interface{}, len(args))
+	processedArgs, err := bindNamedArgs(args, fieldValues)
-	for i, arg := range args {
+	if err != nil {
-		if str, ok := arg.(string); ok {
+		return nil, err
-			if strings.HasPrefix(str, ":") {
-				fieldName := str[1:]
-				if val, exists := fieldValues[fieldName]; exists {
-					processedArgs[i] = val
-				} else {
-					processedArgs[i] = ""
-				}
-			} else if strings.HasPrefix(str, `\:`) {
-				processedArgs[i] = str[1:]
-			} else {
-				processedArgs[i] = arg
-			}
-		} else {
-			processedArgs[i] = arg
-		}
 	}
 
 	return t.query(ctx, query, processedArgs...)
@@ -403,16 +456,23 @@ func (t *StarTx) QueryXSContext(ctx context.Context, targets interface{}, query
 // queryXS is the internal implementation
 func (t *StarTx) queryXS(ctx context.Context, targets interface{}, query string, args ...interface{}) ([]*StarRows, error) {
 	var results []*StarRows
+	if targets == nil {
+		return results, ErrTargetsNil
+	}
 
 	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(targets)
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(targets)
 
 	if targetType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		if targetValue.IsNil() {
+			return results, ErrTargetsPointerNil
+		}
 		targetType = targetType.Elem()
 		targetValue = targetValue.Elem()
 	}
 
 	if targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Slice || targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+		results = make([]*StarRows, 0, targetValue.Len())
 		for i := 0; i < targetValue.Len(); i++ {
 			result, err := t.queryX(ctx, targetValue.Index(i).Interface(), query, args...)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -448,24 +508,9 @@ func (t *StarTx) execX(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, query string, ar
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	processedArgs := make([]interface{}, len(args))
+	processedArgs, err := bindNamedArgs(args, fieldValues)
-	for i, arg := range args {
+	if err != nil {
-		if str, ok := arg.(string); ok {
+		return nil, err
-			if strings.HasPrefix(str, ":") {
-				fieldName := str[1:]
-				if val, exists := fieldValues[fieldName]; exists {
-					processedArgs[i] = val
-				} else {
-					processedArgs[i] = ""
-				}
-			} else if strings.HasPrefix(str, `\:`) {
-				processedArgs[i] = str[1:]
-			} else {
-				processedArgs[i] = arg
-			}
-		} else {
-			processedArgs[i] = arg
-		}
 	}
 
 	return t.exec(ctx, query, processedArgs...)
@@ -484,16 +529,23 @@ func (t *StarTx) ExecXSContext(ctx context.Context, targets interface{}, query s
 // execXS is the internal implementation
 func (t *StarTx) execXS(ctx context.Context, targets interface{}, query string, args ...interface{}) ([]sql.Result, error) {
 	var results []sql.Result
+	if targets == nil {
+		return results, ErrTargetsNil
+	}
 
 	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(targets)
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(targets)
 
 	if targetType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		if targetValue.IsNil() {
+			return results, ErrTargetsPointerNil
+		}
 		targetType = targetType.Elem()
 		targetValue = targetValue.Elem()
 	}
 
 	if targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Slice || targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+		results = make([]sql.Result, 0, targetValue.Len())
 		for i := 0; i < targetValue.Len(); i++ {
 			result, err := t.execX(ctx, targetValue.Index(i).Interface(), query, args...)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -529,9 +581,9 @@ func (t *StarTx) insert(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, tableName strin
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	args := []interface{}{}
+	args := make([]interface{}, len(params))
-	for _, param := range params {
+	for i, param := range params {
-		args = append(args, param)
+		args[i] = param
 	}
 
 	return t.execX(ctx, target, query, args...)
@@ -554,9 +606,9 @@ func (t *StarTx) update(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, tableName strin
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	args := []interface{}{}
+	args := make([]interface{}, len(params))
-	for _, param := range params {
+	for i, param := range params {
-		args = append(args, param)
+		args[i] = param
 	}
 
 	return t.execX(ctx, target, query, args...)

orm_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package stardb
 
 import (
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -27,6 +29,21 @@ type NestedUser struct {
 	Profile `db:"---"`
 }
 
+type NestedUserPtr struct {
+	ID      int64    `db:"id"`
+	Name    string   `db:"name"`
+	Profile *Profile `db:"---"`
+}
+
+type AutoIDOnly struct {
+	ID int64 `db:"id"`
+}
+
+type HiddenTagged struct {
+	ID     int64  `db:"id"`
+	hidden string `db:"hidden"`
+}
+
 func TestBuildInsertSQL(t *testing.T) {
 	user := User{
 		ID:        1,
@@ -76,13 +93,183 @@ func TestBuildUpdateSQL(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("buildUpdateSQL failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	expectedQuery := "UPDATE users SET id = ?, name = ?, email = ?, age = ?, balance = ?, active = ?, created_at = ? WHERE id = ?"
+	expectedQuery := "UPDATE users SET name = ?, email = ?, age = ?, balance = ?, active = ?, created_at = ? WHERE id = ?"
 	if query != expectedQuery {
 		t.Errorf("Expected query:\n%s\nGot:\n%s", expectedQuery, query)
 	}
 
-	expectedParamCount := 8 // 7 fields + 1 primary key
+	expectedParamCount := 7 // 6 fields + 1 primary key
 	if len(params) != expectedParamCount {
 		t.Errorf("Expected %d params, got %d", expectedParamCount, len(params))
 	}
 }
+
+func TestBuildInsertSQL_NoColumns(t *testing.T) {
+	model := AutoIDOnly{ID: 1}
+
+	_, _, err := buildInsertSQL(&model, "users", "id")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error when no columns remain to insert, got nil")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrNoInsertColumns) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrNoInsertColumns, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildInsertSQL_EmptyTableName(t *testing.T) {
+	user := User{
+		ID:   1,
+		Name: "Test",
+	}
+
+	_, _, err := buildInsertSQL(&user, "", "id")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error when table name is empty, got nil")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrTableNameEmpty) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrTableNameEmpty, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildUpdateSQL_NoPrimaryKey(t *testing.T) {
+	user := User{
+		ID:   1,
+		Name: "Test",
+	}
+
+	_, _, err := buildUpdateSQL(&user, "users")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error when no primary key is provided, got nil")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrPrimaryKeyRequired) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrPrimaryKeyRequired, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildUpdateSQL_EmptyTableName(t *testing.T) {
+	user := User{
+		ID:   1,
+		Name: "Test",
+	}
+
+	_, _, err := buildUpdateSQL(&user, "", "id")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error when table name is empty, got nil")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrTableNameEmpty) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrTableNameEmpty, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildUpdateSQL_OnlyPrimaryKey(t *testing.T) {
+	model := AutoIDOnly{ID: 1}
+
+	_, _, err := buildUpdateSQL(&model, "users", "id")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error when no fields remain for SET clause, got nil")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrNoUpdateFields) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrNoUpdateFields, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetStructFieldValues_NilNestedPointer(t *testing.T) {
+	user := NestedUserPtr{
+		ID:      1,
+		Name:    "Test",
+		Profile: nil,
+	}
+
+	values, err := getStructFieldValues(user, "db")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getStructFieldValues failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if values["id"] != int64(1) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected id=1, got %v", values["id"])
+	}
+	if values["name"] != "Test" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected name=Test, got %v", values["name"])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetStructFieldNames_NilNestedPointer(t *testing.T) {
+	user := NestedUserPtr{
+		ID:      1,
+		Name:    "Test",
+		Profile: nil,
+	}
+
+	names, err := getStructFieldNames(user, "db")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getStructFieldNames failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	expected := []string{"id", "name"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(names, expected) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected names %v, got %v", expected, names)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetStructFieldNames_SkipUnexportedField(t *testing.T) {
+	model := HiddenTagged{
+		ID:     1,
+		hidden: "secret",
+	}
+
+	names, err := getStructFieldNames(model, "db")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getStructFieldNames failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	expected := []string{"id"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(names, expected) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected names %v, got %v", expected, names)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetStructFieldValues_NilTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := getStructFieldValues(nil, "db")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for nil target, got nil")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrTargetNil) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrTargetNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetStructFieldNames_NilTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	_, err := getStructFieldNames(nil, "db")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected error for nil target, got nil")
+	}
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrTargetNil) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrTargetNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClearReflectCache(t *testing.T) {
+	type cacheUser struct {
+		ID   int64  `db:"id"`
+		Name string `db:"name"`
+	}
+
+	typ := reflect.TypeOf(cacheUser{})
+	plan1, err := getStructTagPlan(typ, "db")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getStructTagPlan failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(plan1) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 fields in plan, got %d", len(plan1))
+	}
+
+	ClearReflectCache()
+
+	plan2, err := getStructTagPlan(typ, "db")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("getStructTagPlan after clear failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(plan2) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 2 fields in plan after clear, got %d", len(plan2))
+	}
+}

pool.go

@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ func DefaultPoolConfig() *PoolConfig {
 
 // SetPoolConfig applies pool configuration to the database
 func (s *StarDB) SetPoolConfig(config *PoolConfig) {
+	if s == nil || s.db == nil || config == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
 	if config.MaxOpenConns > 0 {
 		s.db.SetMaxOpenConns(config.MaxOpenConns)
 	}

reflect.go

@@ -1,13 +1,126 @@
 package stardb
 
 import (
-	"errors"
 	"reflect"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 )
 
+type structTagField struct {
+	path []int
+	tag  string
+}
+
+type structTagPlanKey struct {
+	typ    reflect.Type
+	tagKey string
+}
+
+var structTagPlanCache sync.Map
+
+// ClearReflectCache clears internal reflection metadata cache.
+// Useful after schema/tag refactors in long-running processes.
+func ClearReflectCache() {
+	structTagPlanCache = sync.Map{}
+}
+
+func getStructTagPlan(targetType reflect.Type, tagKey string) ([]structTagField, error) {
+	if targetType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		targetType = targetType.Elem()
+	}
+	if targetType.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+		return nil, ErrTargetNotStruct
+	}
+
+	cacheKey := structTagPlanKey{
+		typ:    targetType,
+		tagKey: tagKey,
+	}
+	if cached, ok := structTagPlanCache.Load(cacheKey); ok {
+		return cached.([]structTagField), nil
+	}
+
+	fields := make([]structTagField, 0, targetType.NumField())
+	if err := buildStructTagPlan(targetType, tagKey, nil, &fields); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	structTagPlanCache.Store(cacheKey, fields)
+	return fields, nil
+}
+
+func buildStructTagPlan(currentType reflect.Type, tagKey string, prefix []int, out *[]structTagField) error {
+	if currentType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		currentType = currentType.Elem()
+	}
+	if currentType.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+		return ErrTargetNotStruct
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < currentType.NumField(); i++ {
+		field := currentType.Field(i)
+		tagValue := field.Tag.Get(tagKey)
+		fieldType := field.Type
+
+		path := make([]int, len(prefix)+1)
+		copy(path, prefix)
+		path[len(prefix)] = i
+
+		if tagValue == "---" {
+			if fieldType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && fieldType.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+				if err := buildStructTagPlan(fieldType.Elem(), tagKey, path, out); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			if fieldType.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+				if err := buildStructTagPlan(fieldType, tagKey, path, out); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		if tagValue != "" {
+			*out = append(*out, structTagField{
+				path: path,
+				tag:  tagValue,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func resolveFieldByPath(root reflect.Value, path []int) (reflect.Value, bool) {
+	current := root
+	for _, idx := range path {
+		if current.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+			if current.IsNil() {
+				return reflect.Value{}, false
+			}
+			current = current.Elem()
+		}
+
+		if current.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+		if idx < 0 || idx >= current.NumField() {
+			return reflect.Value{}, false
+		}
+
+		current = current.Field(idx)
+	}
+
+	return current, true
+}
+
 // setStructFieldsFromRow sets struct fields from a row result using reflection
 func (r *StarRows) setStructFieldsFromRow(target interface{}, tagKey string, rowIndex int) error {
+	if target == nil {
+		return ErrTargetNil
+	}
+
 	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(target)
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(target)
 
@@ -16,7 +129,7 @@ func (r *StarRows) setStructFieldsFromRow(target interface{}, tagKey string, row
 	}
 
 	if targetType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr && !targetValue.CanSet() {
-		return errors.New("target is not writable")
+		return ErrTargetNotWritable
 	}
 
 	if targetType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
@@ -24,7 +137,12 @@ func (r *StarRows) setStructFieldsFromRow(target interface{}, tagKey string, row
 	}
 
 	if targetValue.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
-		return errors.New("target is not a struct")
+		return ErrTargetNotStruct
+	}
+
+	row := r.Row(rowIndex)
+	if row.columnIndex == nil {
+		return ErrRowIndexOutOfRange
 	}
 
 	for i := 0; i < targetType.NumField(); i++ {
@@ -32,14 +150,25 @@ func (r *StarRows) setStructFieldsFromRow(target interface{}, tagKey string, row
 		fieldValue := targetValue.Field(i)
 		tagValue := field.Tag.Get(tagKey)
 
+		if !fieldValue.CanInterface() {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Skip unexported or otherwise non-settable fields.
+		if !fieldValue.CanSet() {
+			continue
+		}
+
 		// Handle nested structs
-		if fieldValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && reflect.TypeOf(fieldValue.Interface()).Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+		if fieldValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && fieldValue.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
 			if tagValue == "" {
 				continue
 			}
 			if tagValue == "---" {
-				nestedPtr := reflect.New(reflect.TypeOf(fieldValue.Interface()).Elem()).Interface()
+				nestedPtr := reflect.New(fieldValue.Type().Elem()).Interface()
-				r.setStructFieldsFromRow(nestedPtr, tagKey, rowIndex)
+				if err := r.setStructFieldsFromRow(nestedPtr, tagKey, rowIndex); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 				targetValue.Field(i).Set(reflect.ValueOf(nestedPtr))
 				continue
 			}
@@ -51,7 +180,9 @@ func (r *StarRows) setStructFieldsFromRow(target interface{}, tagKey string, row
 			}
 			if tagValue == "---" {
 				nestedPtr := reflect.New(reflect.TypeOf(targetValue.Field(i).Interface())).Interface()
-				r.setStructFieldsFromRow(nestedPtr, tagKey, rowIndex)
+				if err := r.setStructFieldsFromRow(nestedPtr, tagKey, rowIndex); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 				targetValue.Field(i).Set(reflect.ValueOf(nestedPtr).Elem())
 				continue
 			}
@@ -62,20 +193,21 @@ func (r *StarRows) setStructFieldsFromRow(target interface{}, tagKey string, row
 		}
 
 		// Check if column exists
-		if _, ok := r.Row(rowIndex).columnIndex[tagValue]; !ok {
+		if _, ok := row.columnIndex[tagValue]; !ok {
+			if r.db != nil && r.db.StrictORM {
+				return wrapColumnNotFound(tagValue)
+			}
 			continue
 		}
 
 		// Set field value based on type
-		r.setFieldValue(fieldValue, tagValue, rowIndex)
+		r.setFieldValue(fieldValue, tagValue, row)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 // setFieldValue sets a single field value
-func (r *StarRows) setFieldValue(fieldValue reflect.Value, columnName string, rowIndex int) {
+func (r *StarRows) setFieldValue(fieldValue reflect.Value, columnName string, row *StarResult) {
-	row := r.Row(rowIndex)
-
 	switch fieldValue.Kind() {
 	case reflect.String:
 		fieldValue.SetString(row.MustString(columnName))
@@ -105,79 +237,70 @@ func (r *StarRows) setFieldValue(fieldValue reflect.Value, columnName string, ro
 		fieldValue.SetFloat(float64(row.MustFloat32(columnName)))
 	case reflect.Float64:
 		fieldValue.SetFloat(row.MustFloat64(columnName))
-	case reflect.Interface, reflect.Struct, reflect.Ptr:
+	case reflect.Struct:
-		// Handle special types like time.Time
+		// Handle special struct types like time.Time
-		colIndex := r.columnIndex[columnName]
+		colIndex := row.columnIndex[columnName]
 		val := row.Result()[colIndex]
-		if t, ok := val.(time.Time); ok {
+		if fieldValue.Type() == reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{}) {
-			fieldValue.Set(reflect.ValueOf(t))
+			if t, ok := val.(time.Time); ok {
+				fieldValue.Set(reflect.ValueOf(t))
+			}
+		}
+	case reflect.Ptr:
+		// Handle pointer to special types like *time.Time
+		colIndex := row.columnIndex[columnName]
+		val := row.Result()[colIndex]
+		if fieldValue.Type().Elem() == reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{}) {
+			if t, ok := val.(time.Time); ok {
+				tCopy := t
+				fieldValue.Set(reflect.ValueOf(&tCopy))
+			}
+		}
+	case reflect.Interface:
+		colIndex := row.columnIndex[columnName]
+		val := row.Result()[colIndex]
+		if val != nil {
+			fieldValue.Set(reflect.ValueOf(val))
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 // getStructFieldValues extracts all field values from a struct
 func getStructFieldValues(target interface{}, tagKey string) (map[string]interface{}, error) {
-	result := make(map[string]interface{})
+	if target == nil {
+		return nil, ErrTargetNil
+	}
+
 	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(target)
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(target)
 
 	if targetType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 		if targetValue.IsNil() {
-			return nil, errors.New("pointer target is nil")
+			return nil, ErrPointerTargetNil
 		}
 		targetType = targetType.Elem()
 		targetValue = targetValue.Elem()
 	}
 
 	if targetValue.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
-		return nil, errors.New("target is not a struct")
+		return nil, ErrTargetNotStruct
 	}
 
-	for i := 0; i < targetType.NumField(); i++ {
+	plan, err := getStructTagPlan(targetType, tagKey)
-		field := targetType.Field(i)
+	if err != nil {
-		fieldValue := targetValue.Field(i)
+		return nil, err
-		tagValue := field.Tag.Get(tagKey)
+	}
 
-		// Handle nested pointer structs
+	result := make(map[string]interface{}, len(plan))
-		if fieldValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && reflect.TypeOf(fieldValue.Interface()).Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+	for _, field := range plan {
-			if fieldValue.IsNil() {
+		fieldValue, ok := resolveFieldByPath(targetValue, field.path)
-				continue
+		if !ok {
-			}
-			if tagValue == "---" {
-				nestedValues, err := getStructFieldValues(reflect.ValueOf(fieldValue.Elem().Interface()).Interface(), tagKey)
-				if err != nil {
-					return result, err
-				}
-				for k, v := range nestedValues {
-					result[k] = v
-				}
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Handle nested structs
-		if targetValue.Field(i).Kind() == reflect.Struct {
-			if tagValue == "---" {
-				nestedValues, err := getStructFieldValues(targetValue.Field(i).Interface(), tagKey)
-				if err != nil {
-					return result, err
-				}
-				for k, v := range nestedValues {
-					result[k] = v
-				}
-				continue
-			}
-		}
-
-		if tagValue == "" {
 			continue
 		}
-
 		if !fieldValue.CanInterface() {
 			continue
 		}
-
+		result[field.tag] = fieldValue.Interface()
-		result[tagValue] = fieldValue.Interface()
 	}
 
 	return result, nil
@@ -185,10 +308,8 @@ func getStructFieldValues(target interface{}, tagKey string) (map[string]interfa
 
 // getStructFieldNames extracts all field names (tag values) from a struct
 func getStructFieldNames(target interface{}, tagKey string) ([]string, error) {
-	var result []string
+	if target == nil {
-
+		return []string{}, ErrTargetNil
-	if !isStruct(target) {
-		return []string{}, errors.New("target is not a struct")
 	}
 
 	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(target)
@@ -196,45 +317,31 @@ func getStructFieldNames(target interface{}, tagKey string) ([]string, error) {
 
 	if targetType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 		if targetValue.IsNil() {
-			return []string{}, errors.New("pointer target is nil")
+			return []string{}, ErrPointerTargetNil
 		}
 		targetType = targetType.Elem()
 		targetValue = targetValue.Elem()
 	}
 
-	for i := 0; i < targetType.NumField(); i++ {
+	if targetValue.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
-		fieldValue := targetValue.Field(i)
+		return []string{}, ErrTargetNotStruct
-		field := targetType.Field(i)
+	}
-		tagValue := field.Tag.Get(tagKey)
 
-		// Handle nested pointer structs
+	plan, err := getStructTagPlan(targetType, tagKey)
-		if fieldValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && reflect.TypeOf(fieldValue.Interface()).Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+	if err != nil {
-			if fieldValue.IsNil() {
+		return []string{}, err
-				continue
+	}
-			}
-			if tagValue == "---" {
-				nestedNames, err := getStructFieldNames(reflect.ValueOf(fieldValue.Elem().Interface()).Interface(), tagKey)
-				if err != nil {
-					return result, err
-				}
-				result = append(result, nestedNames...)
-				continue
-			}
-		}
 
-		// Handle nested structs
+	result := make([]string, 0, len(plan))
-		if targetValue.Field(i).Kind() == reflect.Struct && tagValue == "---" {
+	for _, field := range plan {
-			nestedNames, err := getStructFieldNames(targetValue.Field(i).Interface(), tagKey)
+		fieldValue, ok := resolveFieldByPath(targetValue, field.path)
-			if err != nil {
+		if !ok {
-				return result, err
-			}
-			result = append(result, nestedNames...)
 			continue
 		}
-
+		if !fieldValue.CanInterface() {
-		if tagValue != "" {
+			continue
-			result = append(result, tagValue)
 		}
+		result = append(result, field.tag)
 	}
 
 	return result, nil
@@ -242,6 +349,10 @@ func getStructFieldNames(target interface{}, tagKey string) ([]string, error) {
 
 // isWritable checks if a value is writable
 func isWritable(target interface{}) bool {
+	if target == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
 	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(target)
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(target)
 	return targetType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || targetValue.CanSet()
@@ -249,8 +360,15 @@ func isWritable(target interface{}) bool {
 
 // isStruct checks if a value is a struct
 func isStruct(target interface{}) bool {
+	if target == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
 	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(target)
 	if targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		if targetValue.IsNil() {
+			return false
+		}
 		targetValue = targetValue.Elem()
 	}
 	return targetValue.Kind() == reflect.Struct

result_safe.go

@@ -1,51 +1,124 @@
 package stardb
 
 import (
-	"errors"
+	internalconv "b612.me/stardb/internal/convert"
-	"fmt"
+	"database/sql"
-	"strconv"
 )
 
+func (r *StarResult) getColumnValue(name string) (interface{}, error) {
+	if r == nil || r.columnIndex == nil {
+		return nil, wrapColumnNotFound(name)
+	}
+	index, ok := r.columnIndex[name]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, wrapColumnNotFound(name)
+	}
+	return r.Result()[index], nil
+}
+
 // GetString returns column value as string with error
 func (r *StarResult) GetString(name string) (string, error) {
-	index, ok := r.columnIndex[name]
+	val, err := r.getColumnValue(name)
-	if !ok {
+	if err != nil {
-		return "", errors.New("column not found: " + name)
+		return "", err
 	}
-	return ConvertToStringSafe(r.Result()[index])
+	return ConvertToStringSafe(val)
 }
 
 // GetInt64 returns column value as int64 with error
 func (r *StarResult) GetInt64(name string) (int64, error) {
-	index, ok := r.columnIndex[name]
+	val, err := r.getColumnValue(name)
-	if !ok {
+	if err != nil {
-		return 0, errors.New("column not found: " + name)
+		return 0, err
 	}
-	return ConvertToInt64Safe(r.Result()[index])
+	return ConvertToInt64Safe(val)
 }
 
 // GetFloat64 returns column value as float64 with error
 func (r *StarResult) GetFloat64(name string) (float64, error) {
-	index, ok := r.columnIndex[name]
+	val, err := r.getColumnValue(name)
-	if !ok {
+	if err != nil {
-		return 0, errors.New("column not found: " + name)
+		return 0, err
-	}
-
-	switch v := r.Result()[index].(type) {
-	case nil:
-		return 0, nil
-	case float64:
-		return v, nil
-	case float32:
-		return float64(v), nil
-	case int, int32, int64, uint64:
-		val, err := ConvertToInt64Safe(v)
-		return float64(val), err
-	case string:
-		return strconv.ParseFloat(v, 64)
-	case []byte:
-		return strconv.ParseFloat(string(v), 64)
-	default:
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("cannot convert %T to float64", v)
 	}
+	return internalconv.ToFloat64Safe(val)
+}
+
+// GetNullString returns a nullable string value.
+func (r *StarResult) GetNullString(name string) (sql.NullString, error) {
+	val, err := r.getColumnValue(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullString{}, err
+	}
+	if val == nil {
+		return sql.NullString{}, nil
+	}
+	str, err := ConvertToStringSafe(val)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullString{}, err
+	}
+	return sql.NullString{String: str, Valid: true}, nil
+}
+
+// GetNullInt64 returns a nullable int64 value.
+func (r *StarResult) GetNullInt64(name string) (sql.NullInt64, error) {
+	val, err := r.getColumnValue(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullInt64{}, err
+	}
+	if val == nil {
+		return sql.NullInt64{}, nil
+	}
+	i, err := ConvertToInt64Safe(val)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullInt64{}, err
+	}
+	return sql.NullInt64{Int64: i, Valid: true}, nil
+}
+
+// GetNullFloat64 returns a nullable float64 value.
+func (r *StarResult) GetNullFloat64(name string) (sql.NullFloat64, error) {
+	val, err := r.getColumnValue(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullFloat64{}, err
+	}
+	if val == nil {
+		return sql.NullFloat64{}, nil
+	}
+	f, err := internalconv.ToFloat64Safe(val)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullFloat64{}, err
+	}
+	return sql.NullFloat64{Float64: f, Valid: true}, nil
+}
+
+// GetNullBool returns a nullable bool value.
+func (r *StarResult) GetNullBool(name string) (sql.NullBool, error) {
+	val, err := r.getColumnValue(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullBool{}, err
+	}
+	if val == nil {
+		return sql.NullBool{}, nil
+	}
+	b, err := internalconv.ToBoolSafe(val)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullBool{}, err
+	}
+	return sql.NullBool{Bool: b, Valid: true}, nil
+}
+
+// GetNullTime returns a nullable time value.
+func (r *StarResult) GetNullTime(name string) (sql.NullTime, error) {
+	val, err := r.getColumnValue(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullTime{}, err
+	}
+	if val == nil {
+		return sql.NullTime{}, nil
+	}
+	t, err := internalconv.ToTimeSafe(val)
+	if err != nil {
+		return sql.NullTime{}, err
+	}
+	return sql.NullTime{Time: t, Valid: true}, nil
 }

rows.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package stardb
 
 import (
+	"b612.me/stardb/internal/scanutil"
 	"database/sql"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ func (r *StarRows) Rescan() error {
 // Row returns a specific row by index
 func (r *StarRows) Row(index int) *StarResult {
 	result := &StarResult{}
-	if index >= len(r.data) {
+	if index < 0 || index >= len(r.data) {
 		return result
 	}
 	result.result = r.data[index]
@@ -82,13 +83,11 @@ func (r *StarRows) parse() error {
 	if r.parsed {
 		return nil
 	}
-	defer func() {
-		r.parsed = true
-	}()
 
 	r.data = [][]interface{}{}
 	r.columnIndex = make(map[string]int)
 	r.stringResult = []map[string]string{}
+	r.columnsType = []reflect.Type{}
 
 	var err error
 	r.columns, err = r.rows.Columns()
@@ -127,18 +126,28 @@ func (r *StarRows) parse() error {
 		rowCopy := make([]interface{}, len(values))
 
 		for i, val := range values {
-			rowCopy[i] = val
+			copiedVal := cloneScannedValue(val)
-			record[r.columns[i]] = convertToString(val)
+			rowCopy[i] = copiedVal
+			record[r.columns[i]] = convertToString(copiedVal)
 		}
 
 		r.data = append(r.data, rowCopy)
 		r.stringResult = append(r.stringResult, record)
 	}
 
+	if err := r.rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	r.length = len(r.stringResult)
+	r.parsed = true
 	return nil
 }
 
+func cloneScannedValue(val interface{}) interface{} {
+	return scanutil.CloneScannedValue(val)
+}
+
 // convertToString converts any value to string
 func convertToString(val interface{}) string {
 	switch v := val.(type) {

rows_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package stardb
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestCloneScannedValue_BytesAreCopied(t *testing.T) {
+	original := []byte("hello")
+	clonedAny := cloneScannedValue(original)
+	cloned, ok := clonedAny.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected []byte, got %T", clonedAny)
+	}
+
+	original[0] = 'H'
+	if string(cloned) != "hello" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected cloned value to remain 'hello', got '%s'", string(cloned))
+	}
+
+	if len(cloned) > 0 && &cloned[0] == &original[0] {
+		t.Fatal("expected cloned bytes to have a different backing array")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCloneScannedValue_NonBytesKeepReference(t *testing.T) {
+	in := int64(42)
+	out := cloneScannedValue(in)
+	if out != in {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %v, got %v", in, out)
+	}
+}

scan_each.go

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package stardb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+// ScanEachFunc is called for each scanned row in streaming mode.
+type ScanEachFunc func(row *StarResult) error
+
+// ScanEach executes query in streaming mode and invokes fn for each row.
+func (s *StarDB) ScanEach(query string, fn ScanEachFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return s.scanEach(nil, query, fn, args...)
+}
+
+// ScanEachContext executes query with context in streaming mode and invokes fn for each row.
+func (s *StarDB) ScanEachContext(ctx context.Context, query string, fn ScanEachFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return s.scanEach(ctx, query, fn, args...)
+}
+
+func (s *StarDB) scanEach(ctx context.Context, query string, fn ScanEachFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	rows, err := s.queryRaw(ctx, query, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return scanEachSQLRows(rows, fn)
+}
+
+// ScanEach executes query in transaction streaming mode and invokes fn for each row.
+func (t *StarTx) ScanEach(query string, fn ScanEachFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return t.scanEach(nil, query, fn, args...)
+}
+
+// ScanEachContext executes query with context in transaction streaming mode and invokes fn for each row.
+func (t *StarTx) ScanEachContext(ctx context.Context, query string, fn ScanEachFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return t.scanEach(ctx, query, fn, args...)
+}
+
+func (t *StarTx) scanEach(ctx context.Context, query string, fn ScanEachFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	rows, err := t.queryRaw(ctx, query, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return scanEachSQLRows(rows, fn)
+}
+
+// ScanEach executes prepared statement query in streaming mode and invokes fn for each row.
+func (s *StarStmt) ScanEach(fn ScanEachFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return s.scanEach(nil, fn, args...)
+}
+
+// ScanEachContext executes prepared statement query with context in streaming mode and invokes fn for each row.
+func (s *StarStmt) ScanEachContext(ctx context.Context, fn ScanEachFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return s.scanEach(ctx, fn, args...)
+}
+
+func (s *StarStmt) scanEach(ctx context.Context, fn ScanEachFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	rows, err := s.queryRaw(ctx, args...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return scanEachSQLRows(rows, fn)
+}
+
+func scanEachSQLRows(rows *sql.Rows, fn ScanEachFunc) error {
+	if fn == nil {
+		_ = rows.Close()
+		return ErrScanFuncNil
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	columns, err := rows.Columns()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	columnTypes, err := rows.ColumnTypes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	types := make([]reflect.Type, len(columnTypes))
+	for i, colType := range columnTypes {
+		types[i] = colType.ScanType()
+	}
+
+	columnIndex := make(map[string]int, len(columns))
+	for i, colName := range columns {
+		columnIndex[colName] = i
+	}
+
+	scanArgs := make([]interface{}, len(columns))
+	values := make([]interface{}, len(columns))
+	for i := range values {
+		scanArgs[i] = &values[i]
+	}
+
+	for rows.Next() {
+		if err := rows.Scan(scanArgs...); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		rowCopy := make([]interface{}, len(values))
+		for i, val := range values {
+			rowCopy[i] = cloneScannedValue(val)
+		}
+
+		row := &StarResult{
+			result:      rowCopy,
+			columns:     columns,
+			columnIndex: columnIndex,
+			columnsType: types,
+		}
+		if err := fn(row); err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, ErrScanStopped) {
+				return nil
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return rows.Err()
+}

scan_each_orm.go

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+package stardb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+// ScanEachORMFunc is called for each mapped struct in streaming ORM mode.
+type ScanEachORMFunc func(target interface{}) error
+
+// ScanEachORM streams query rows and maps each row to target before invoking fn.
+// target must be a pointer to struct; it is reused for each row.
+func (s *StarDB) ScanEachORM(query string, target interface{}, fn ScanEachORMFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return s.ScanEachORMContext(nil, query, target, fn, args...)
+}
+
+// ScanEachORMContext streams query rows with context and maps each row to target before invoking fn.
+// target must be a pointer to struct; it is reused for each row.
+func (s *StarDB) ScanEachORMContext(ctx context.Context, query string, target interface{}, fn ScanEachORMFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	if fn == nil {
+		return ErrScanORMFuncNil
+	}
+	if err := validateScanORMTarget(target); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return s.ScanEachContext(ctx, query, func(row *StarResult) error {
+		if err := mapResultToStructTarget(row, target, s); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return fn(target)
+	}, args...)
+}
+
+// ScanEachORM streams transaction rows and maps each row to target before invoking fn.
+// target must be a pointer to struct; it is reused for each row.
+func (t *StarTx) ScanEachORM(query string, target interface{}, fn ScanEachORMFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return t.ScanEachORMContext(nil, query, target, fn, args...)
+}
+
+// ScanEachORMContext streams transaction rows with context and maps each row to target before invoking fn.
+// target must be a pointer to struct; it is reused for each row.
+func (t *StarTx) ScanEachORMContext(ctx context.Context, query string, target interface{}, fn ScanEachORMFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	if fn == nil {
+		return ErrScanORMFuncNil
+	}
+	if err := validateScanORMTarget(target); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return t.ScanEachContext(ctx, query, func(row *StarResult) error {
+		if err := mapResultToStructTarget(row, target, t.db); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return fn(target)
+	}, args...)
+}
+
+// ScanEachORM streams prepared statement rows and maps each row to target before invoking fn.
+// target must be a pointer to struct; it is reused for each row.
+func (s *StarStmt) ScanEachORM(target interface{}, fn ScanEachORMFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return s.ScanEachORMContext(nil, target, fn, args...)
+}
+
+// ScanEachORMContext streams prepared statement rows with context and maps each row to target before invoking fn.
+// target must be a pointer to struct; it is reused for each row.
+func (s *StarStmt) ScanEachORMContext(ctx context.Context, target interface{}, fn ScanEachORMFunc, args ...interface{}) error {
+	if fn == nil {
+		return ErrScanORMFuncNil
+	}
+	if err := validateScanORMTarget(target); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return s.ScanEachContext(ctx, func(row *StarResult) error {
+		if err := mapResultToStructTarget(row, target, s.db); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return fn(target)
+	}, args...)
+}
+
+func validateScanORMTarget(target interface{}) error {
+	if target == nil {
+		return ErrTargetNil
+	}
+
+	targetType := reflect.TypeOf(target)
+	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(target)
+
+	if targetType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+		return ErrTargetNotPointer
+	}
+	if targetValue.IsNil() {
+		return ErrTargetPointerNil
+	}
+	if targetValue.Elem().Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+		return ErrTargetNotStruct
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func mapResultToStructTarget(row *StarResult, target interface{}, db *StarDB) error {
+	targetValue := reflect.ValueOf(target)
+	targetValue.Elem().Set(reflect.Zero(targetValue.Elem().Type()))
+
+	rowWrapper := &StarRows{
+		db:          db,
+		length:      1,
+		columns:     row.columns,
+		columnsType: row.columnsType,
+		columnIndex: row.columnIndex,
+		data:        [][]interface{}{row.result},
+		parsed:      true,
+	}
+
+	return rowWrapper.setStructFieldsFromRow(target, "db", 0)
+}

sql_placeholder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package stardb
+
+import internalsqlplaceholder "b612.me/stardb/internal/sqlplaceholder"
+
+// ConvertPlaceholders converts placeholders according to style.
+func ConvertPlaceholders(query string, style PlaceholderStyle) string {
+	switch normalizePlaceholderStyle(style) {
+	case PlaceholderDollar:
+		return ConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders(query)
+	default:
+		return query
+	}
+}
+
+// ConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders converts '?' to '$1,$2,...' in SQL text.
+// It skips quoted strings, quoted identifiers and comments.
+func ConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders(query string) string {
+	return internalsqlplaceholder.ConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders(query)
+}

sql_placeholder_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package stardb
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders(t *testing.T) {
+	query := "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ? AND name = ?"
+	got := ConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders(query)
+	want := "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1 AND name = $2"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %q, got %q", want, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders_SkipQuotedAndComments(t *testing.T) {
+	query := "SELECT '?', \"?\", `?`, col FROM t WHERE id = ? -- ?\nAND note = '??' /* ? */ AND x = ?"
+	got := ConvertQuestionToDollarPlaceholders(query)
+	want := "SELECT '?', \"?\", `?`, col FROM t WHERE id = $1 -- ?\nAND note = '??' /* ? */ AND x = $2"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %q, got %q", want, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertPlaceholders(t *testing.T) {
+	query := "SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = ? AND b = ?"
+	if got := ConvertPlaceholders(query, PlaceholderQuestion); got != query {
+		t.Fatalf("question style should keep query unchanged, got %q", got)
+	}
+
+	got := ConvertPlaceholders(query, PlaceholderDollar)
+	want := "SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = $1 AND b = $2"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %q, got %q", want, got)
+	}
+}

sql_runtime.go

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+package stardb
+
+import (
+	internalsqlruntime "b612.me/stardb/internal/sqlruntime"
+	"context"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// SQLBeforeHook runs before a SQL statement is executed.
+type SQLBeforeHook func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{})
+
+// SQLAfterHook runs after a SQL statement is executed.
+type SQLAfterHook func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error)
+
+// PlaceholderStyle controls SQL placeholder format conversion.
+type PlaceholderStyle int
+
+const (
+	// PlaceholderQuestion keeps '?' placeholders unchanged.
+	PlaceholderQuestion PlaceholderStyle = iota
+	// PlaceholderDollar converts '?' placeholders to '$1,$2,...'.
+	PlaceholderDollar
+)
+
+// SQLFingerprintMode controls SQL fingerprint generation strategy.
+type SQLFingerprintMode int
+
+const (
+	// SQLFingerprintBasic lowercases SQL and collapses whitespace.
+	SQLFingerprintBasic SQLFingerprintMode = iota
+	// SQLFingerprintMaskLiterals also masks numeric/string literals and $n placeholders.
+	SQLFingerprintMaskLiterals
+)
+
+type sqlHookMetaKey struct{}
+
+// SQLHookMeta contains extra hook metadata attached to context.
+type SQLHookMeta struct {
+	Fingerprint string
+}
+
+// SQLHookMetaFromContext extracts SQL hook metadata from context.
+func SQLHookMetaFromContext(ctx context.Context) (SQLHookMeta, bool) {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		return SQLHookMeta{}, false
+	}
+	meta, ok := ctx.Value(sqlHookMetaKey{}).(SQLHookMeta)
+	return meta, ok
+}
+
+func withSQLHookMeta(ctx context.Context, meta SQLHookMeta) context.Context {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+	return context.WithValue(ctx, sqlHookMetaKey{}, meta)
+}
+
+type sqlRuntime struct {
+	state internalsqlruntime.State
+}
+
+func normalizePlaceholderStyle(style PlaceholderStyle) PlaceholderStyle {
+	return PlaceholderStyle(internalsqlruntime.NormalizePlaceholderStyle(int(style)))
+}
+
+func normalizeSQLFingerprintMode(mode SQLFingerprintMode) SQLFingerprintMode {
+	return SQLFingerprintMode(internalsqlruntime.NormalizeFingerprintMode(int(mode)))
+}
+
+func cloneHookArgs(args []interface{}) []interface{} {
+	return internalsqlruntime.CloneHookArgs(args)
+}
+
+func (s *StarDB) runtimeOptions() (SQLBeforeHook, SQLAfterHook, PlaceholderStyle, time.Duration) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return nil, nil, PlaceholderQuestion, 0
+	}
+
+	beforeAny, afterAny, rawStyle, slowThreshold := s.runtime.state.Options()
+	var before SQLBeforeHook
+	if b, ok := beforeAny.(SQLBeforeHook); ok {
+		before = b
+	}
+	var after SQLAfterHook
+	if a, ok := afterAny.(SQLAfterHook); ok {
+		after = a
+	}
+
+	return before, after, normalizePlaceholderStyle(PlaceholderStyle(rawStyle)), slowThreshold
+}
+
+func (s *StarDB) sqlHooks() (SQLBeforeHook, SQLAfterHook, time.Duration) {
+	before, after, _, slowThreshold := s.runtimeOptions()
+	return before, after, slowThreshold
+}
+
+func (s *StarDB) prepareSQLCall(query string, args []interface{}) (string, SQLBeforeHook, SQLAfterHook, []interface{}, time.Duration) {
+	before, after, style, slowThreshold := s.runtimeOptions()
+	query = ConvertPlaceholders(query, style)
+	if before == nil && after == nil {
+		return query, nil, nil, nil, slowThreshold
+	}
+	return query, before, after, cloneHookArgs(args), slowThreshold
+}
+
+func (s *StarDB) hookContext(ctx context.Context, query string, before SQLBeforeHook, after SQLAfterHook) context.Context {
+	if s == nil {
+		return ctx
+	}
+
+	needCounter := s.SQLFingerprintCounterEnabled()
+	needMeta := (before != nil || after != nil) && s.SQLFingerprintEnabled()
+	if !needCounter && !needMeta {
+		return ctx
+	}
+
+	mode := s.SQLFingerprintMode()
+	keepComments := s.SQLFingerprintKeepComments()
+	fingerprint := internalsqlruntime.FingerprintSQL(query, int(mode), keepComments)
+	if fingerprint == "" {
+		return ctx
+	}
+
+	if needCounter {
+		s.runtime.state.IncFingerprintCount(fingerprint)
+	}
+	if !needMeta {
+		return ctx
+	}
+	return withSQLHookMeta(ctx, SQLHookMeta{Fingerprint: fingerprint})
+}
+
+func shouldRunAfterHook(after SQLAfterHook, slowThreshold, duration time.Duration, err error) bool {
+	return internalsqlruntime.ShouldRunAfterHook(after != nil, slowThreshold, duration, err)
+}
+
+// SetSQLHooks sets SQL before/after hooks.
+func (s *StarDB) SetSQLHooks(before SQLBeforeHook, after SQLAfterHook) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.SetHooks(before, after)
+}
+
+// SetSQLBeforeHook sets SQL before hook.
+func (s *StarDB) SetSQLBeforeHook(before SQLBeforeHook) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.SetBeforeHook(before)
+}
+
+// SetSQLAfterHook sets SQL after hook.
+func (s *StarDB) SetSQLAfterHook(after SQLAfterHook) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.SetAfterHook(after)
+}
+
+// SetPlaceholderStyle sets placeholder conversion style.
+func (s *StarDB) SetPlaceholderStyle(style PlaceholderStyle) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.SetPlaceholderStyle(int(style))
+}
+
+// SetSQLSlowThreshold sets minimum duration for triggering after hook.
+// When threshold > 0, after hook runs only for statements slower than threshold or those with error.
+func (s *StarDB) SetSQLSlowThreshold(threshold time.Duration) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.SetSlowThreshold(threshold)
+}
+
+// SQLSlowThreshold returns current slow SQL threshold.
+func (s *StarDB) SQLSlowThreshold() time.Duration {
+	if s == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return s.runtime.state.SlowThreshold()
+}
+
+// PlaceholderStyle returns current placeholder style.
+func (s *StarDB) PlaceholderStyle() PlaceholderStyle {
+	if s == nil {
+		return PlaceholderQuestion
+	}
+	style := PlaceholderStyle(s.runtime.state.PlaceholderStyle())
+	return normalizePlaceholderStyle(style)
+}
+
+// SetSQLFingerprintEnabled toggles SQL fingerprint metadata generation for hooks.
+func (s *StarDB) SetSQLFingerprintEnabled(enabled bool) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.SetFingerprintEnabled(enabled)
+}
+
+// SQLFingerprintEnabled reports whether SQL fingerprint metadata generation is enabled.
+func (s *StarDB) SQLFingerprintEnabled() bool {
+	if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return s.runtime.state.FingerprintEnabled()
+}
+
+// SetSQLFingerprintMode sets SQL fingerprint generation mode.
+func (s *StarDB) SetSQLFingerprintMode(mode SQLFingerprintMode) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.SetFingerprintMode(int(mode))
+}
+
+// SQLFingerprintMode returns SQL fingerprint generation mode.
+func (s *StarDB) SQLFingerprintMode() SQLFingerprintMode {
+	if s == nil {
+		return SQLFingerprintBasic
+	}
+	mode := SQLFingerprintMode(s.runtime.state.FingerprintMode())
+	return normalizeSQLFingerprintMode(mode)
+}
+
+// SetSQLFingerprintKeepComments controls whether comments are preserved in SQL fingerprints.
+// Default is false.
+func (s *StarDB) SetSQLFingerprintKeepComments(keep bool) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.SetFingerprintKeepComments(keep)
+}
+
+// SQLFingerprintKeepComments reports whether SQL fingerprints preserve comments.
+func (s *StarDB) SQLFingerprintKeepComments() bool {
+	if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return s.runtime.state.FingerprintKeepComments()
+}
+
+// SetSQLFingerprintCounterEnabled toggles in-memory SQL fingerprint hit counter.
+// Default is false.
+func (s *StarDB) SetSQLFingerprintCounterEnabled(enabled bool) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.SetFingerprintCounterEnabled(enabled)
+}
+
+// SQLFingerprintCounterEnabled reports whether in-memory SQL fingerprint hit counter is enabled.
+func (s *StarDB) SQLFingerprintCounterEnabled() bool {
+	if s == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return s.runtime.state.FingerprintCounterEnabled()
+}
+
+// SQLFingerprintCounters returns a snapshot of fingerprint hit counters.
+func (s *StarDB) SQLFingerprintCounters() map[string]uint64 {
+	if s == nil {
+		return map[string]uint64{}
+	}
+	return s.runtime.state.FingerprintCountsSnapshot()
+}
+
+// ResetSQLFingerprintCounters clears all in-memory fingerprint hit counters.
+func (s *StarDB) ResetSQLFingerprintCounters() {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.runtime.state.ResetFingerprintCounts()
+}

sql_runtime_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+package stardb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestStarDB_RuntimeConfigConcurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	db := NewStarDB()
+
+	before := func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}) {}
+	after := func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {}
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(i int) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+				for j := 0; j < 1000; j++ {
+					if (i+j)%2 == 0 {
+						db.SetPlaceholderStyle(PlaceholderDollar)
+					} else {
+						db.SetPlaceholderStyle(PlaceholderQuestion)
+				}
+				db.SetSQLSlowThreshold(time.Duration((i+j)%5) * time.Millisecond)
+					db.SetSQLFingerprintEnabled((i+j)%3 == 0)
+					db.SetSQLFingerprintMode(SQLFingerprintMode((i + j) % 3))
+					db.SetSQLFingerprintKeepComments((i+j)%4 == 0)
+					db.SetSQLFingerprintCounterEnabled((i+j)%5 == 0)
+					if (i+j)%7 == 0 {
+						db.ResetSQLFingerprintCounters()
+					}
+					db.SetSQLHooks(before, after)
+					_ = db.PlaceholderStyle()
+					_ = db.SQLSlowThreshold()
+					_ = db.SQLFingerprintEnabled()
+					_ = db.SQLFingerprintMode()
+					_ = db.SQLFingerprintKeepComments()
+					_ = db.SQLFingerprintCounterEnabled()
+					_ = db.SQLFingerprintCounters()
+					_, _, _, _ = db.runtimeOptions()
+				}
+			}(i)
+		}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLFingerprintMode(t *testing.T) {
+	db := NewStarDB()
+
+	if got := db.SQLFingerprintMode(); got != SQLFingerprintBasic {
+		t.Fatalf("expected default mode SQLFingerprintBasic, got %v", got)
+	}
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintMode(SQLFingerprintMaskLiterals)
+	if got := db.SQLFingerprintMode(); got != SQLFingerprintMaskLiterals {
+		t.Fatalf("expected SQLFingerprintMaskLiterals, got %v", got)
+	}
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintMode(SQLFingerprintMode(99))
+	if got := db.SQLFingerprintMode(); got != SQLFingerprintBasic {
+		t.Fatalf("expected invalid mode fallback to SQLFingerprintBasic, got %v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLFingerprintKeepComments(t *testing.T) {
+	db := NewStarDB()
+
+	if db.SQLFingerprintKeepComments() {
+		t.Fatal("expected default keep comments to be false")
+	}
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintKeepComments(true)
+	if !db.SQLFingerprintKeepComments() {
+		t.Fatal("expected keep comments to be true")
+	}
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintKeepComments(false)
+	if db.SQLFingerprintKeepComments() {
+		t.Fatal("expected keep comments to be false")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLFingerprintCounterSwitch(t *testing.T) {
+	db := NewStarDB()
+
+	if db.SQLFingerprintCounterEnabled() {
+		t.Fatal("expected default counter switch to be false")
+	}
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintCounterEnabled(true)
+	if !db.SQLFingerprintCounterEnabled() {
+		t.Fatal("expected counter switch to be true")
+	}
+
+	db.ResetSQLFingerprintCounters()
+	if got := len(db.SQLFingerprintCounters()); got != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected empty counters after reset, got %d", got)
+	}
+}

stardb.go

@@ -3,13 +3,20 @@ package stardb
 import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
-	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
 )
 
 // StarDB is a simple wrapper around sql.DB providing enhanced functionality
 type StarDB struct {
 	db         *sql.DB
 	ManualScan bool // If true, rows won't be automatically parsed
+	StrictORM  bool // If true, Orm requires all tagged columns to exist in query results
+	// batchInsertMaxRows controls batch split size for BatchInsert/BatchInsertStructs.
+	// <= 0 means no split (single SQL statement).
+	batchInsertMaxRows   int64
+	batchInsertMaxParams int64
+	runtime              sqlRuntime
 }
 
 // NewStarDB creates a new StarDB instance
@@ -32,6 +39,21 @@ func (s *StarDB) SetDB(db *sql.DB) {
 	s.db = db
 }
 
+// SetStrictORM enables or disables strict column validation for Orm mapping.
+func (s *StarDB) SetStrictORM(strict bool) {
+	if s == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	s.StrictORM = strict
+}
+
+func (s *StarDB) ensureDB() error {
+	if s == nil || s.db == nil {
+		return ErrDBNotInitialized
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Open opens a new database connection
 func (s *StarDB) Open(driver, connStr string) error {
 	var err error
@@ -41,36 +63,57 @@ func (s *StarDB) Open(driver, connStr string) error {
 
 // Close closes the database connection
 func (s *StarDB) Close() error {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return s.db.Close()
 }
 
 // Ping verifies the database connection is alive
 func (s *StarDB) Ping() error {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return s.db.Ping()
 }
 
 // PingContext verifies the database connection with context
 func (s *StarDB) PingContext(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return s.db.PingContext(ctx)
 }
 
 // Stats returns database statistics
 func (s *StarDB) Stats() sql.DBStats {
+	if s == nil || s.db == nil {
+		return sql.DBStats{}
+	}
 	return s.db.Stats()
 }
 
 // SetMaxOpenConns sets the maximum number of open connections
 func (s *StarDB) SetMaxOpenConns(n int) {
+	if s == nil || s.db == nil {
+		return
+	}
 	s.db.SetMaxOpenConns(n)
 }
 
 // SetMaxIdleConns sets the maximum number of idle connections
 func (s *StarDB) SetMaxIdleConns(n int) {
+	if s == nil || s.db == nil {
+		return
+	}
 	s.db.SetMaxIdleConns(n)
 }
 
 // Conn returns a single connection from the pool
 func (s *StarDB) Conn(ctx context.Context) (*sql.Conn, error) {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	return s.db.Conn(ctx)
 }
 
@@ -85,21 +128,55 @@ func (s *StarDB) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interfa
 	return s.query(ctx, query, args...)
 }
 
-// query is the internal query implementation
+// QueryRaw executes a query and returns *sql.Rows without automatic parsing.
-func (s *StarDB) query(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
+func (s *StarDB) QueryRaw(query string, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
-	if err := s.db.Ping(); err != nil {
+	return s.queryRaw(nil, query, args...)
+}
+
+// QueryRawContext executes a query with context and returns *sql.Rows without automatic parsing.
+func (s *StarDB) QueryRawContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
+	return s.queryRaw(ctx, query, args...)
+}
+
+func (s *StarDB) queryRaw(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
+	}
 
-	var rows *sql.Rows
+	query, beforeHook, afterHook, hookArgs, slowThreshold := s.prepareSQLCall(query, args)
-	var err error
+	hookCtx := s.hookContext(ctx, query, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, query, hookArgs)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
 
+	var (
+		rows *sql.Rows
+		err  error
+	)
 	if ctx == nil {
 		rows, err = s.db.Query(query, args...)
 	} else {
 		rows, err = s.db.QueryContext(ctx, query, args...)
 	}
 
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, query, hookArgs, duration, err)
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return rows, nil
+}
+
+// query is the internal query implementation
+func (s *StarDB) query(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
+	rows, err := s.queryRaw(ctx, query, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -110,10 +187,13 @@ func (s *StarDB) query(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (
 	}
 
 	if !s.ManualScan {
-		err = starRows.parse()
+		if err := starRows.parse(); err != nil {
+			_ = rows.Close()
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
 
-	return starRows, err
+	return starRows, nil
 }
 
 // Exec executes a query that doesn't return rows
@@ -129,39 +209,100 @@ func (s *StarDB) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interfac
 
 // exec is the internal exec implementation
 func (s *StarDB) exec(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
-	if err := s.db.Ping(); err != nil {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-	if ctx == nil {
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
-		return s.db.Exec(query, args...)
 	}
-	return s.db.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+
+	query, beforeHook, afterHook, hookArgs, slowThreshold := s.prepareSQLCall(query, args)
+	hookCtx := s.hookContext(ctx, query, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, query, hookArgs)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	var (
+		result sql.Result
+		err    error
+	)
+	if ctx == nil {
+		result, err = s.db.Exec(query, args...)
+	} else {
+		result, err = s.db.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+	}
+
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, query, hookArgs, duration, err)
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 // Prepare creates a prepared statement
 func (s *StarDB) Prepare(query string) (*StarStmt, error) {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
+	}
+
+	query, beforeHook, afterHook, _, slowThreshold := s.prepareSQLCall(query, nil)
+	hookCtx := s.hookContext(nil, query, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, query, nil)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+
 	stmt, err := s.db.Prepare(query)
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, query, nil, duration, err)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return &StarStmt{stmt: stmt, db: s}, nil
+	return &StarStmt{stmt: stmt, db: s, sqlText: query}, nil
 }
 
 // PrepareContext creates a prepared statement with context
 func (s *StarDB) PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (*StarStmt, error) {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
+	}
+
+	query, beforeHook, afterHook, _, slowThreshold := s.prepareSQLCall(query, nil)
+	hookCtx := s.hookContext(ctx, query, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, query, nil)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+
 	stmt, err := s.db.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, query, nil, duration, err)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return &StarStmt{stmt: stmt, db: s}, nil
+	return &StarStmt{stmt: stmt, db: s, sqlText: query}, nil
 }
 
 // QueryStmt executes a prepared statement query
 // Usage: QueryStmt("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", 1)
 func (s *StarDB) QueryStmt(query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
-	if query == "" {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("query string cannot be empty")
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
 	}
 	stmt, err := s.Prepare(query)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -173,8 +314,8 @@ func (s *StarDB) QueryStmt(query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error)
 
 // QueryStmtContext executes a prepared statement query with context
 func (s *StarDB) QueryStmtContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
-	if query == "" {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("query string cannot be empty")
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
 	}
 	stmt, err := s.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -187,8 +328,8 @@ func (s *StarDB) QueryStmtContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...int
 // ExecStmt executes a prepared statement
 // Usage: ExecStmt("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)", "John")
 func (s *StarDB) ExecStmt(query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
-	if query == "" {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("query string cannot be empty")
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
 	}
 	stmt, err := s.Prepare(query)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -200,8 +341,8 @@ func (s *StarDB) ExecStmt(query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error)
 
 // ExecStmtContext executes a prepared statement with context
 func (s *StarDB) ExecStmtContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
-	if query == "" {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("query string cannot be empty")
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
 	}
 	stmt, err := s.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -213,6 +354,9 @@ func (s *StarDB) ExecStmtContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...inte
 
 // Begin starts a transaction
 func (s *StarDB) Begin() (*StarTx, error) {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	tx, err := s.db.Begin()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -222,6 +366,9 @@ func (s *StarDB) Begin() (*StarTx, error) {
 
 // BeginTx starts a transaction with options
 func (s *StarDB) BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts *sql.TxOptions) (*StarTx, error) {
+	if err := s.ensureDB(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	tx, err := s.db.BeginTx(ctx, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -231,8 +378,26 @@ func (s *StarDB) BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts *sql.TxOptions) (*StarTx, err
 
 // StarStmt represents a prepared statement
 type StarStmt struct {
-	stmt *sql.Stmt
+	stmt    *sql.Stmt
-	db   *StarDB
+	db      *StarDB
+	sqlText string
+}
+
+func (s *StarStmt) ensureStmt() error {
+	if s == nil || s.stmt == nil {
+		return ErrStmtNotInitialized
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *StarStmt) ensureStmtWithDB() error {
+	if err := s.ensureStmt(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if s.db == nil {
+		return ErrStmtDBNotInitialized
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // Query executes a prepared statement query
@@ -245,17 +410,66 @@ func (s *StarStmt) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, args ...interface{}) (*Star
 	return s.query(ctx, args...)
 }
 
-// query is the internal query implementation
+// QueryRaw executes a prepared statement query and returns *sql.Rows without automatic parsing.
-func (s *StarStmt) query(ctx context.Context, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
+func (s *StarStmt) QueryRaw(args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
-	var rows *sql.Rows
+	return s.queryRaw(nil, args...)
-	var err error
+}
 
+// QueryRawContext executes a prepared statement query with context and returns *sql.Rows without automatic parsing.
+func (s *StarStmt) QueryRawContext(ctx context.Context, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
+	return s.queryRaw(ctx, args...)
+}
+
+func (s *StarStmt) queryRaw(ctx context.Context, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
+	if err := s.ensureStmt(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var beforeHook SQLBeforeHook
+	var afterHook SQLAfterHook
+	var slowThreshold time.Duration
+	if s.db != nil {
+		beforeHook, afterHook, slowThreshold = s.db.sqlHooks()
+	}
+	var hookArgs []interface{}
+	if beforeHook != nil || afterHook != nil {
+		hookArgs = cloneHookArgs(args)
+	}
+	hookCtx := ctx
+	if s.db != nil {
+		hookCtx = s.db.hookContext(ctx, s.sqlText, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	}
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, s.sqlText, hookArgs)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	var (
+		rows *sql.Rows
+		err  error
+	)
 	if ctx == nil {
 		rows, err = s.stmt.Query(args...)
 	} else {
 		rows, err = s.stmt.QueryContext(ctx, args...)
 	}
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, s.sqlText, hookArgs, duration, err)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return rows, nil
+}
 
+// query is the internal query implementation
+func (s *StarStmt) query(ctx context.Context, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
+	if err := s.ensureStmtWithDB(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	rows, err := s.queryRaw(ctx, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -266,10 +480,13 @@ func (s *StarStmt) query(ctx context.Context, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, e
 	}
 
 	if !s.db.ManualScan {
-		err = starRows.parse()
+		if err := starRows.parse(); err != nil {
+			_ = rows.Close()
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
 
-	return starRows, err
+	return starRows, nil
 }
 
 // Exec executes a prepared statement
@@ -284,13 +501,52 @@ func (s *StarStmt) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, args ...interface{}) (sql.Re
 
 // exec is the internal exec implementation
 func (s *StarStmt) exec(ctx context.Context, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
-	if ctx == nil {
+	if err := s.ensureStmt(); err != nil {
-		return s.stmt.Exec(args...)
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	return s.stmt.ExecContext(ctx, args...)
+
+	var beforeHook SQLBeforeHook
+	var afterHook SQLAfterHook
+	var slowThreshold time.Duration
+	if s.db != nil {
+		beforeHook, afterHook, slowThreshold = s.db.sqlHooks()
+	}
+	var hookArgs []interface{}
+	if beforeHook != nil || afterHook != nil {
+		hookArgs = cloneHookArgs(args)
+	}
+	hookCtx := ctx
+	if s.db != nil {
+		hookCtx = s.db.hookContext(ctx, s.sqlText, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	}
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, s.sqlText, hookArgs)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	var (
+		result sql.Result
+		err    error
+	)
+	if ctx == nil {
+		result, err = s.stmt.Exec(args...)
+	} else {
+		result, err = s.stmt.ExecContext(ctx, args...)
+	}
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, s.sqlText, hookArgs, duration, err)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 // Close closes the prepared statement
 func (s *StarStmt) Close() error {
+	if err := s.ensureStmt(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return s.stmt.Close()
 }

stardb_safe_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package stardb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestStarDB_NotInitialized(t *testing.T) {
+	db := NewStarDB()
+
+	if err := db.Close(); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from Close, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.Ping(); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from Ping, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.PingContext(context.Background()); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from PingContext, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Conn(context.Background()); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from Conn, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Query("SELECT 1"); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from Query, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.ScanEach("SELECT 1", func(row *StarResult) error { return nil }); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from ScanEach, got %v", err)
+	}
+	var model struct {
+		ID int `db:"id"`
+	}
+	if err := db.ScanEachORM("SELECT 1", &model, func(target interface{}) error { return nil }); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from ScanEachORM, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.QueryRaw("SELECT 1"); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from QueryRaw, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Exec("SELECT 1"); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from Exec, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Prepare("SELECT 1"); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from Prepare, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Begin(); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from Begin, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.WithTx(nil); !errors.Is(err, ErrTxFuncNil) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTxFuncNil from WithTx, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := db.WithTx(func(tx *StarTx) error { return nil }); !errors.Is(err, ErrDBNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrDBNotInitialized from WithTx, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := db.QueryStmt(""); !errors.Is(err, ErrQueryEmpty) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrQueryEmpty from QueryStmt, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.ExecStmt(""); !errors.Is(err, ErrQueryEmpty) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrQueryEmpty from ExecStmt, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	_ = db.Stats()
+	db.SetMaxOpenConns(5)
+	db.SetMaxIdleConns(2)
+}
+
+func TestStarTx_NotInitialized(t *testing.T) {
+	tx := &StarTx{}
+	var model struct {
+		ID int `db:"id"`
+	}
+
+	if _, err := tx.Query("SELECT 1"); !errors.Is(err, ErrTxNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTxNotInitialized from Query, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := tx.ScanEach("SELECT 1", func(row *StarResult) error { return nil }); !errors.Is(err, ErrTxNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTxNotInitialized from ScanEach, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := tx.ScanEachORM("SELECT 1", &model, func(target interface{}) error { return nil }); !errors.Is(err, ErrTxNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTxNotInitialized from ScanEachORM, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.QueryRaw("SELECT 1"); !errors.Is(err, ErrTxNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTxNotInitialized from QueryRaw, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec("SELECT 1"); !errors.Is(err, ErrTxNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTxNotInitialized from Exec, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Prepare("SELECT 1"); !errors.Is(err, ErrTxNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTxNotInitialized from Prepare, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := tx.Commit(); !errors.Is(err, ErrTxNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTxNotInitialized from Commit, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := tx.Rollback(); !errors.Is(err, ErrTxNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTxNotInitialized from Rollback, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := tx.QueryStmt(""); !errors.Is(err, ErrQueryEmpty) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrQueryEmpty from QueryStmt, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.ExecStmt(""); !errors.Is(err, ErrQueryEmpty) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrQueryEmpty from ExecStmt, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarStmt_NotInitialized(t *testing.T) {
+	stmt := &StarStmt{}
+
+	if _, err := stmt.Query(); !errors.Is(err, ErrStmtNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrStmtNotInitialized from Query, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := stmt.ScanEach(func(row *StarResult) error { return nil }); !errors.Is(err, ErrStmtNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrStmtNotInitialized from ScanEach, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := stmt.ScanEachORM(nil, func(target interface{}) error { return nil }); !errors.Is(err, ErrTargetNil) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrTargetNil from ScanEachORM, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := stmt.QueryRaw(); !errors.Is(err, ErrStmtNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrStmtNotInitialized from QueryRaw, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := stmt.Exec(); !errors.Is(err, ErrStmtNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrStmtNotInitialized from Exec, got %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := stmt.Close(); !errors.Is(err, ErrStmtNotInitialized) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected ErrStmtNotInitialized from Close, got %v", err)
+	}
+}

testing/batch_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package testing
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -110,8 +111,53 @@ func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_Empty(t *testing.T) {
 	values := [][]interface{}{}
 
 	_, err := db.BatchInsert("users", columns, values)
-	if err == nil {
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrNoInsertValues) {
-		t.Error("Expected error with empty values, got nil")
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrNoInsertValues, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_EmptyColumns(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	values := [][]interface{}{
+		{"Alice"},
+	}
+
+	_, err := db.BatchInsert("users", nil, values)
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrNoInsertColumns) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrNoInsertColumns, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_EmptyTableName(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	columns := []string{"name", "email", "age"}
+	values := [][]interface{}{
+		{"Alice", "alice@example.com", 25},
+	}
+
+	_, err := db.BatchInsert("", columns, values)
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTableNameEmpty) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTableNameEmpty, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_RowLengthMismatch(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	columns := []string{"name", "email", "age"}
+	values := [][]interface{}{
+		{"Alice", "alice@example.com", 25},
+		{"Bob", "bob@example.com"},
+	}
+
+	_, err := db.BatchInsert("users", columns, values)
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrBatchRowValueCountMismatch) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrBatchRowValueCountMismatch, got %v", err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -204,6 +250,236 @@ func TestStarDB_BatchInsertContext_Timeout(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsertMaxRows_Config(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	if got := db.BatchInsertMaxRows(); got != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected default chunk size 0, got %d", got)
+	}
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxRows(3)
+	if got := db.BatchInsertMaxRows(); got != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected chunk size 3, got %d", got)
+	}
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxRows(-10)
+	if got := db.BatchInsertMaxRows(); got != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected chunk size reset to 0, got %d", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsertMaxParams_Config(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	if got := db.BatchInsertMaxParams(); got != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected default max params 0, got %d", got)
+	}
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxParams(100)
+	if got := db.BatchInsertMaxParams(); got != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected max params 100, got %d", got)
+	}
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxParams(-1)
+	if got := db.BatchInsertMaxParams(); got != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected max params reset to 0, got %d", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_Chunked(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxRows(2)
+
+	columns := []string{"name", "email", "age"}
+	values := [][]interface{}{
+		{"Alice", "alice@example.com", 25},
+		{"Bob", "bob@example.com", 30},
+		{"Charlie", "charlie@example.com", 35},
+		{"David", "david@example.com", 40},
+		{"Eva", "eva@example.com", 28},
+	}
+
+	result, err := db.BatchInsert("users", columns, values)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chunked BatchInsert failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	affected, err := result.RowsAffected()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RowsAffected failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if affected != int64(len(values)) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected %d affected rows, got %d", len(values), affected)
+	}
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM users")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if count := rows.Row(0).MustInt("count"); count != len(values) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected %d rows in db, got %d", len(values), count)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_ChunkedRollbackOnError(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxRows(2)
+
+	columns := []string{"name", "email", "age"}
+	values := [][]interface{}{
+		{"Alice", "alice@example.com", 25},
+		{"Bob", "bob@example.com", 30},
+		{"Charlie", nil, 35}, // email NOT NULL, forces second chunk failure
+	}
+
+	if _, err := db.BatchInsert("users", columns, values); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected chunked BatchInsert to fail, got nil")
+	}
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM users")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if count := rows.Row(0).MustInt("count"); count != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected rollback to keep table empty, got %d rows", count)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_ChunkedByMaxParams(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxRows(0)   // disabled
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxParams(4) // 3 columns -> 1 row per chunk
+
+	columns := []string{"name", "email", "age"}
+	values := [][]interface{}{
+		{"Alice", "alice@example.com", 25},
+		{"Bob", "bob@example.com", 30},
+		{"Charlie", "charlie@example.com", 35},
+	}
+
+	result, err := db.BatchInsert("users", columns, values)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BatchInsert by max params failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	affected, err := result.RowsAffected()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RowsAffected failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if affected != int64(len(values)) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected %d affected rows, got %d", len(values), affected)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_MaxParamsTooLow(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxRows(0)
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxParams(2) // columns=3 -> invalid
+
+	columns := []string{"name", "email", "age"}
+	values := [][]interface{}{
+		{"Alice", "alice@example.com", 25},
+	}
+
+	_, err := db.BatchInsert("users", columns, values)
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrBatchInsertMaxParamsTooLow) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrBatchInsertMaxParamsTooLow, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_ChunkedHookMeta(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxRows(2)
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxParams(0)
+
+	var metas []stardb.BatchExecMeta
+	db.SetSQLHooks(nil, func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, d time.Duration, err error) {
+		if meta, ok := stardb.BatchExecMetaFromContext(ctx); ok {
+			metas = append(metas, meta)
+		}
+	})
+
+	columns := []string{"name", "email", "age"}
+	values := [][]interface{}{
+		{"Alice", "alice@example.com", 25},
+		{"Bob", "bob@example.com", 30},
+		{"Charlie", "charlie@example.com", 35},
+		{"David", "david@example.com", 40},
+		{"Eva", "eva@example.com", 28},
+	}
+
+	_, err := db.BatchInsertContext(context.Background(), "users", columns, values)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BatchInsertContext failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(metas) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 3 chunk metas, got %d", len(metas))
+	}
+
+	wantRows := []int{2, 2, 1}
+	for i, meta := range metas {
+		if meta.ChunkIndex != i+1 {
+			t.Fatalf("Chunk %d: expected index %d, got %d", i, i+1, meta.ChunkIndex)
+		}
+		if meta.ChunkCount != 3 {
+			t.Fatalf("Chunk %d: expected count 3, got %d", i, meta.ChunkCount)
+		}
+		if meta.ChunkRows != wantRows[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("Chunk %d: expected rows %d, got %d", i, wantRows[i], meta.ChunkRows)
+		}
+		if meta.TotalRows != len(values) {
+			t.Fatalf("Chunk %d: expected total rows %d, got %d", i, len(values), meta.TotalRows)
+		}
+		if meta.ColumnCount != len(columns) {
+			t.Fatalf("Chunk %d: expected column count %d, got %d", i, len(columns), meta.ColumnCount)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsert_HookMetaAbsentWithoutChunking(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxRows(0)
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxParams(0)
+
+	metaFound := false
+	db.SetSQLHooks(nil, func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, d time.Duration, err error) {
+		if _, ok := stardb.BatchExecMetaFromContext(ctx); ok {
+			metaFound = true
+		}
+	})
+
+	columns := []string{"name", "email", "age"}
+	values := [][]interface{}{
+		{"Alice", "alice@example.com", 25},
+		{"Bob", "bob@example.com", 30},
+	}
+
+	_, err := db.BatchInsertContext(context.Background(), "users", columns, values)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("BatchInsertContext failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if metaFound {
+		t.Fatal("Expected no batch meta for non-chunked execution")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarDB_BatchInsertStructs_Basic(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -246,6 +522,34 @@ func TestStarDB_BatchInsertStructs_Basic(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsertStructs_Chunked(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetBatchInsertMaxRows(2)
+
+	users := []TestUser{
+		{Name: "Alice", Email: "alice@example.com", Age: 25, CreatedAt: time.Now()},
+		{Name: "Bob", Email: "bob@example.com", Age: 30, CreatedAt: time.Now()},
+		{Name: "Charlie", Email: "charlie@example.com", Age: 35, CreatedAt: time.Now()},
+		{Name: "David", Email: "david@example.com", Age: 40, CreatedAt: time.Now()},
+		{Name: "Eva", Email: "eva@example.com", Age: 28, CreatedAt: time.Now()},
+	}
+
+	result, err := db.BatchInsertStructs("users", users, "id")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Chunked BatchInsertStructs failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	affected, err := result.RowsAffected()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RowsAffected failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if affected != int64(len(users)) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected %d affected rows, got %d", len(users), affected)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarDB_BatchInsertStructs_Single(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -276,8 +580,8 @@ func TestStarDB_BatchInsertStructs_Empty(t *testing.T) {
 	users := []TestUser{}
 
 	_, err := db.BatchInsertStructs("users", users, "id")
-	if err == nil {
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrNoStructsToInsert) {
-		t.Error("Expected error with empty slice, got nil")
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrNoStructsToInsert, got %v", err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -288,8 +592,29 @@ func TestStarDB_BatchInsertStructs_NotSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	user := TestUser{Name: "Alice", Email: "alice@example.com", Age: 25}
 
 	_, err := db.BatchInsertStructs("users", user, "id")
-	if err == nil {
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrStructsNotSlice) {
-		t.Error("Expected error with non-slice, got nil")
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrStructsNotSlice, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsertStructs_Nil(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	_, err := db.BatchInsertStructs("users", nil, "id")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrStructsNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrStructsNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_BatchInsertStructs_NilPointer(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupBatchTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	var users *[]TestUser
+	_, err := db.BatchInsertStructs("users", users, "id")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrStructsPointerNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrStructsPointerNil, got %v", err)
 	}
 }
 

testing/orm_test.go

@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ package testing
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"b612.me/stardb"
 )
 
 type User struct {
@@ -28,6 +31,12 @@ type NestedUser struct {
 	Profile `db:"---"`
 }
 
+type UserWithPrivateField struct {
+	ID   int64  `db:"id"`
+	Name string `db:"name"`
+	age  int    `db:"age"`
+}
+
 func TestStarRows_Orm_Single(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -93,6 +102,47 @@ func TestStarRows_Orm_Multiple(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarRows_Orm_Array(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var users [3]User
+	err = rows.Orm(&users)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Orm failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	expectedNames := []string{"Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"}
+	for i, user := range users {
+		if user.Name != expectedNames[i] {
+			t.Errorf("Expected name '%s', got '%s'", expectedNames[i], user.Name)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarRows_Orm_ArrayTooSmall(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var users [2]User
+	err = rows.Orm(&users)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("Expected error when target array is smaller than row count, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarRows_Orm_Empty(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -126,8 +176,105 @@ func TestStarRows_Orm_NotPointer(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var user User
 	err = rows.Orm(user) // Not a pointer
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTargetNotPointer) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTargetNotPointer, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarRows_Orm_NilTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	err = rows.Orm(nil)
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTargetNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTargetNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarRows_Orm_NilPointerTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var user *User
+	err = rows.Orm(user)
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTargetPointerNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTargetPointerNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarRows_Orm_MissingColumns_NonStrict(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var user User
+	err = rows.Orm(&user)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected non-strict ORM to ignore missing columns, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if user.Name != "Alice" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected name 'Alice', got '%s'", user.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarRows_Orm_MissingColumns_Strict(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetStrictORM(true)
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var user User
+	err = rows.Orm(&user)
 	if err == nil {
-		t.Errorf("Expected error when passing non-pointer, got nil")
+		t.Fatalf("Expected strict ORM to fail on missing columns, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarRows_Orm_UnexportedTaggedField(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var user UserWithPrivateField
+	err = rows.Orm(&user)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Orm failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if user.ID <= 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected positive ID, got %d", user.ID)
+	}
+	if user.Name != "Alice" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected name 'Alice', got '%s'", user.Name)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -355,6 +502,28 @@ func TestStarDB_QueryXContext(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarDB_QueryX_MissingField(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	user := User{Name: "Alice"}
+
+	_, err := db.QueryX(&user, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?", ":unknown")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrFieldNotFound) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrFieldNotFound, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_QueryX_NilTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	_, err := db.QueryX(nil, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", ":id")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTargetNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTargetNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarDB_QueryXS(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -380,6 +549,16 @@ func TestStarDB_QueryXS(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarDB_QueryXS_NilTargets(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	_, err := db.QueryXS(nil, "SELECT * FROM users")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTargetsNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTargetsNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarDB_ExecX(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -441,6 +620,28 @@ func TestStarDB_ExecXContext(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarDB_ExecX_MissingField(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	user := User{Name: "Alice", Age: 99}
+
+	_, err := db.ExecX(&user, "UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", ":age", ":unknown")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrFieldNotFound) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrFieldNotFound, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_ExecX_NilTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	_, err := db.ExecX(nil, "UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE id = ?", ":age", ":id")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTargetNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTargetNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarDB_ExecXS(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -470,6 +671,16 @@ func TestStarDB_ExecXS(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarDB_ExecXS_NilTargets(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	_, err := db.ExecXS(nil, "UPDATE users SET age = age")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTargetsNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTargetsNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarTx_Insert(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -592,6 +803,22 @@ func TestStarTx_QueryX(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarTx_QueryX_NilTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Begin failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = tx.QueryX(nil, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", ":id")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTargetNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTargetNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarTx_ExecX(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -627,6 +854,22 @@ func TestStarTx_ExecX(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarTx_ExecX_NilTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Begin failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	_, err = tx.ExecX(nil, "UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE id = ?", ":age", ":id")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrTargetNil) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ErrTargetNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarTx_Rollback(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()

testing/perf_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package testing
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"b612.me/stardb"
+	_ "modernc.org/sqlite"
+)
+
+func setupBenchmarkDB(b *testing.B) *stardb.StarDB {
+	b.Helper()
+
+	db := &stardb.StarDB{}
+	if err := db.Open("sqlite", ":memory:"); err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("Failed to open database: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err := db.Exec(`
+		CREATE TABLE users (
+			id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+			name TEXT NOT NULL,
+			email TEXT NOT NULL,
+			age INTEGER,
+			balance REAL,
+			active BOOLEAN,
+			created_at DATETIME
+		)
+	`)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("Failed to create table: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec(`
+		INSERT INTO users (name, email, age, balance, active, created_at) VALUES
+		('Alice', 'alice@example.com', 25, 100.50, 1, '2024-01-01 10:00:00'),
+		('Bob', 'bob@example.com', 30, 200.75, 1, '2024-01-02 11:00:00'),
+		('Charlie', 'charlie@example.com', 35, 300.25, 0, '2024-01-03 12:00:00')
+	`)
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatalf("Failed to insert seed data: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return db
+}
+
+func BenchmarkQueryX(b *testing.B) {
+	db := setupBenchmarkDB(b)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	target := User{Name: "Alice"}
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		rows, err := db.QueryX(&target, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?", ":name")
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("QueryX failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		_ = rows.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkOrm(b *testing.B) {
+	db := setupBenchmarkDB(b)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name")
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		var users []User
+		if err := rows.Orm(&users); err != nil {
+			_ = rows.Close()
+			b.Fatalf("Orm failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		_ = rows.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkScanEach(b *testing.B) {
+	db := setupBenchmarkDB(b)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		count := 0
+		err := db.ScanEach("SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name", func(row *stardb.StarResult) error {
+			_ = row.MustString("name")
+			count++
+			return nil
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("ScanEach failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		if count != 3 {
+			b.Fatalf("Unexpected row count: %d", count)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBatchInsert(b *testing.B) {
+	db := setupBenchmarkDB(b)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	columns := []string{"name", "email", "age", "balance", "active", "created_at"}
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		base := i * 2
+		values := [][]interface{}{
+			{fmt.Sprintf("bench_user_%d", base), fmt.Sprintf("bench_%d@example.com", base), 20 + (base % 20), 99.5, true, time.Now()},
+			{fmt.Sprintf("bench_user_%d", base+1), fmt.Sprintf("bench_%d@example.com", base+1), 20 + ((base + 1) % 20), 199.5, false, time.Now()},
+		}
+		if _, err := db.BatchInsert("users", columns, values); err != nil {
+			b.Fatalf("BatchInsert failed: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

testing/pool_test.go

@@ -95,6 +95,32 @@ func TestStarDB_SetPoolConfig_Zero(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarDB_SetPoolConfig_NilConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	db := stardb.NewStarDB()
+	err := db.Open("sqlite", ":memory:")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to open database: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetPoolConfig(nil)
+
+	err = db.Ping()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Ping failed after SetPoolConfig(nil): %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SetPoolConfig_BeforeOpen(t *testing.T) {
+	db := stardb.NewStarDB()
+
+	db.SetPoolConfig(&stardb.PoolConfig{
+		MaxOpenConns: 10,
+	})
+
+	// should not panic when called before Open
+}
+
 func TestOpenWithPool_Default(t *testing.T) {
 	db, err := stardb.OpenWithPool("sqlite", ":memory:", nil)
 	if err != nil {

testing/result_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 package testing
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"b612.me/stardb"
 )
 
 func TestStarResult_MustString(t *testing.T) {
@@ -229,3 +232,100 @@ func TestStarResultCol_MustBool(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestStarResult_GetColumnNotFoundError(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	row := rows.Row(0)
+	_, err = row.GetString("does_not_exist")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrColumnNotFound) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrColumnNotFound, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarResult_GetNullValues(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	_, err := db.Exec(
+		"INSERT INTO users (name, email, age, balance, active, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
+		"NullUser", "null@example.com", nil, nil, nil, nil,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Insert failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?", "NullUser")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	row := rows.Row(0)
+
+	name, err := row.GetNullString("name")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetNullString failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !name.Valid || name.String != "NullUser" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected valid name NullUser, got %+v", name)
+	}
+
+	age, err := row.GetNullInt64("age")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetNullInt64 failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if age.Valid {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected NULL age, got %+v", age)
+	}
+
+	balance, err := row.GetNullFloat64("balance")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetNullFloat64 failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if balance.Valid {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected NULL balance, got %+v", balance)
+	}
+
+	active, err := row.GetNullBool("active")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetNullBool failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if active.Valid {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected NULL active, got %+v", active)
+	}
+
+	createdAt, err := row.GetNullTime("created_at")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetNullTime failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if createdAt.Valid {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected NULL created_at, got %+v", createdAt)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarResult_GetNullTime_Valid(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT created_at FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	value, err := rows.Row(0).GetNullTime("created_at")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetNullTime failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !value.Valid {
+		t.Fatal("Expected valid created_at")
+	}
+}

testing/rows_test.go

@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ func TestStarRows_Row(t *testing.T) {
 	if len(row.Result()) != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("Expected empty result for out of bounds index")
 	}
+
+	// Test negative index
+	row = rows.Row(-1)
+	if len(row.Result()) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected empty result for negative index")
+	}
 }
 
 func TestStarRows_Col(t *testing.T) {

testing/stardb_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ package testing
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -60,6 +64,457 @@ func TestStarDB_QueryContext(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarDB_QueryRaw(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	rows, err := db.QueryRaw("SELECT name FROM users WHERE age > ? ORDER BY name", 25)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("QueryRaw failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var (
+		name  string
+		count int
+	)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		if err := rows.Scan(&name); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Scan failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		count++
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Rows.Err failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if count != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 2 rows, got %d", count)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_QueryRawContext(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	rows, err := db.QueryRawContext(ctx, "SELECT name FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("QueryRawContext failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		t.Fatal("Expected at least one row")
+	}
+	var name string
+	if err := rows.Scan(&name); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Scan failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if name != "Alice" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected name Alice, got %s", name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_QueryRaw_EmptyQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	_, err := db.QueryRaw("   ")
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrQueryEmpty) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrQueryEmpty, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_ScanEach(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	var names []string
+	err := db.ScanEach("SELECT name FROM users ORDER BY name", func(row *stardb.StarResult) error {
+		names = append(names, row.MustString("name"))
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ScanEach failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(names) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 3 rows, got %d", len(names))
+	}
+	if names[0] != "Alice" || names[1] != "Bob" || names[2] != "Charlie" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected names: %v", names)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_ScanEach_Stop(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	count := 0
+	err := db.ScanEach("SELECT name FROM users ORDER BY name", func(row *stardb.StarResult) error {
+		count++
+		if row.MustString("name") == "Bob" {
+			return stardb.ErrScanStopped
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ScanEach stop failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if count != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected callback count 2, got %d", count)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_ScanEach_NilCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err := db.ScanEach("SELECT name FROM users", nil)
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrScanFuncNil) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrScanFuncNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_ScanEachORM(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	var user User
+	var names []string
+	err := db.ScanEachORM("SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY name", &user, func(target interface{}) error {
+		u := target.(*User)
+		names = append(names, u.Name)
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ScanEachORM failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(names) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 3 names, got %d", len(names))
+	}
+	if names[0] != "Alice" || names[1] != "Bob" || names[2] != "Charlie" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected names: %v", names)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_ScanEachORM_NilCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	var user User
+	err := db.ScanEachORM("SELECT * FROM users", &user, nil)
+	if !errors.Is(err, stardb.ErrScanORMFuncNil) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected ErrScanORMFuncNil, got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_PlaceholderDollar(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetPlaceholderStyle(stardb.PlaceholderDollar)
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT name FROM users WHERE name = ? AND age = ?", "Alice", 25)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query with dollar placeholders failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	if rows.Length() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 1 row, got %d", rows.Length())
+	}
+	if got := rows.Row(0).MustString("name"); got != "Alice" {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected Alice, got %s", got)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 26, "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec with dollar placeholders failed: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLHooks(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetPlaceholderStyle(stardb.PlaceholderDollar)
+
+	var beforeCount int64
+	var afterCount int64
+	var mu sync.Mutex
+	var beforeQuery string
+	var afterQuery string
+	var afterErr error
+
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&beforeCount, 1)
+			mu.Lock()
+			beforeQuery = query
+			mu.Unlock()
+		},
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&afterCount, 1)
+			mu.Lock()
+			afterQuery = query
+			afterErr = err
+			mu.Unlock()
+		},
+	)
+
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 31, "Bob"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&beforeCount) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Expected before hook to be called")
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&afterCount) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Expected after hook to be called")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(beforeQuery, "$1") {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected converted query in before hook, got %s", beforeQuery)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(afterQuery, "$1") {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected converted query in after hook, got %s", afterQuery)
+	}
+	if afterErr != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected nil error in after hook, got %v", afterErr)
+	}
+
+	_, execErr := db.Exec("UPDATE table_does_not_exist SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 31, "Bob")
+	if execErr == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected execution error for invalid table")
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&afterCount) < 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected after hook call count >= 2, got %d", atomic.LoadInt64(&afterCount))
+	}
+	if afterErr == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected after hook to capture non-nil error for failed SQL")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLHooks_SlowThreshold(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	var afterCount int64
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		nil,
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&afterCount, 1)
+		},
+	)
+
+	db.SetSQLSlowThreshold(time.Hour)
+	if got := db.SQLSlowThreshold(); got != time.Hour {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected threshold 1h, got %v", got)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 41, "Alice"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&afterCount) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected after hook to be skipped under threshold, got %d", afterCount)
+	}
+
+	_, err := db.Exec("UPDATE table_does_not_exist SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 31, "Bob")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected execution error for invalid table")
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&afterCount) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected error path to trigger after hook, got %d", afterCount)
+	}
+
+	db.SetSQLSlowThreshold(0)
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 42, "Alice"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&afterCount) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected after hook to run after disabling threshold, got %d", afterCount)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLHooks_FingerprintMeta(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintEnabled(true)
+
+	var gotMeta stardb.SQLHookMeta
+	var metaFound bool
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		nil,
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+			gotMeta, metaFound = stardb.SQLHookMetaFromContext(ctx)
+		},
+	)
+
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE   users   SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 31, "Bob"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !metaFound {
+		t.Fatal("Expected SQL fingerprint metadata in hook context")
+	}
+	if gotMeta.Fingerprint != "update users set age = ? where name = ?" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected fingerprint: %q", gotMeta.Fingerprint)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLHooks_FingerprintMetaMaskLiterals(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintEnabled(true)
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintMode(stardb.SQLFingerprintMaskLiterals)
+
+	var gotMeta stardb.SQLHookMeta
+	var metaFound bool
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		nil,
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+			gotMeta, metaFound = stardb.SQLHookMetaFromContext(ctx)
+		},
+	)
+
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = 42 WHERE name = 'Bob' AND age < 100"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !metaFound {
+		t.Fatal("Expected SQL fingerprint metadata in hook context")
+	}
+	if gotMeta.Fingerprint != "update users set age = ? where name = ? and age < ?" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected fingerprint for mask mode: %q", gotMeta.Fingerprint)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLHooks_FingerprintMetaMaskLiterals_StripComments(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintEnabled(true)
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintMode(stardb.SQLFingerprintMaskLiterals)
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintKeepComments(false) // default, explicit for clarity
+
+	var gotMeta stardb.SQLHookMeta
+	var metaFound bool
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		nil,
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+			gotMeta, metaFound = stardb.SQLHookMetaFromContext(ctx)
+		},
+	)
+
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = 42 /* trace:abc */ WHERE name = 'Bob'"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !metaFound {
+		t.Fatal("Expected SQL fingerprint metadata in hook context")
+	}
+	if gotMeta.Fingerprint != "update users set age = ? where name = ?" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected fingerprint with stripped comments: %q", gotMeta.Fingerprint)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLHooks_FingerprintMetaMaskLiterals_KeepComments(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintEnabled(true)
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintMode(stardb.SQLFingerprintMaskLiterals)
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintKeepComments(true)
+
+	var gotMeta stardb.SQLHookMeta
+	var metaFound bool
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		nil,
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+			gotMeta, metaFound = stardb.SQLHookMetaFromContext(ctx)
+		},
+	)
+
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = 42 /* trace:abc */ WHERE name = 'Bob'"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if !metaFound {
+		t.Fatal("Expected SQL fingerprint metadata in hook context")
+	}
+	if gotMeta.Fingerprint != "update users set age = ? /* trace:abc */ where name = ?" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected fingerprint with kept comments: %q", gotMeta.Fingerprint)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLFingerprintCounter(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintCounterEnabled(true)
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintMode(stardb.SQLFingerprintMaskLiterals)
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintKeepComments(false)
+
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = 41 WHERE name = 'Alice'"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = 42 WHERE name = 'Bob'"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	counters := db.SQLFingerprintCounters()
+	key := "update users set age = ? where name = ?"
+	if counters[key] != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected fingerprint %q count=2, got %d", key, counters[key])
+	}
+
+	db.ResetSQLFingerprintCounters()
+	if got := len(db.SQLFingerprintCounters()); got != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected counters to be reset, got %d", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLFingerprintCounterDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintCounterEnabled(false)
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = 31 WHERE name = ?", "Bob"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if got := len(db.SQLFingerprintCounters()); got != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected no counters when disabled, got %d", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_SQLHooks_FingerprintMetaDisabled(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	db.SetSQLFingerprintEnabled(false)
+
+	metaFound := false
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		nil,
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+			_, metaFound = stardb.SQLHookMetaFromContext(ctx)
+		},
+	)
+
+	if _, err := db.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 31, "Bob"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if metaFound {
+		t.Fatal("Expected no SQL fingerprint metadata when disabled")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarDB_Exec(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -154,6 +609,119 @@ func TestStarDB_Prepare(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarStmt_QueryRaw(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	stmt, err := db.Prepare("SELECT name FROM users WHERE name = ?")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Prepare failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	rows, err := stmt.QueryRaw("Bob")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stmt.QueryRaw failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		t.Fatal("Expected one row for Bob")
+	}
+	var name string
+	if err := rows.Scan(&name); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Scan failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if name != "Bob" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Bob, got %s", name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarStmt_ScanEach(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	stmt, err := db.Prepare("SELECT name FROM users WHERE age >= ? ORDER BY name")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Prepare failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	var names []string
+	err = stmt.ScanEach(func(row *stardb.StarResult) error {
+		names = append(names, row.MustString("name"))
+		return nil
+	}, 30)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stmt.ScanEach failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(names) != 2 || names[0] != "Bob" || names[1] != "Charlie" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected names: %v", names)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarStmt_ScanEachORM(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	stmt, err := db.Prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE age >= ? ORDER BY name")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Prepare failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	var user User
+	var names []string
+	err = stmt.ScanEachORM(&user, func(target interface{}) error {
+		u := target.(*User)
+		names = append(names, u.Name)
+		return nil
+	}, 30)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stmt.ScanEachORM failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(names) != 2 || names[0] != "Bob" || names[1] != "Charlie" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected names: %v", names)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarStmt_SQLHooks(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	var (
+		beforeCount int64
+		afterCount  int64
+	)
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&beforeCount, 1)
+		},
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&afterCount, 1)
+		},
+	)
+
+	stmt, err := db.Prepare("SELECT name FROM users WHERE name = ?")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Prepare failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer stmt.Close()
+
+	rows, err := stmt.Query("Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Stmt.Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	if rows.Length() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 1 row, got %d", rows.Length())
+	}
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&beforeCount) == 0 || atomic.LoadInt64(&afterCount) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected stmt execution to trigger hooks, before=%d after=%d", beforeCount, afterCount)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarDB_Transaction(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -219,6 +787,131 @@ func TestStarDB_TransactionRollback(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestStarTx_QueryRaw(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Begin failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	rows, err := tx.QueryRaw("SELECT name FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Charlie")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Tx.QueryRaw failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		t.Fatal("Expected one row for Charlie")
+	}
+	var name string
+	if err := rows.Scan(&name); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Scan failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if name != "Charlie" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected Charlie, got %s", name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarTx_ScanEach(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Begin failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	var names []string
+	err = tx.ScanEach("SELECT name FROM users WHERE age >= ? ORDER BY name", func(row *stardb.StarResult) error {
+		names = append(names, row.MustString("name"))
+		return nil
+	}, 30)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Tx.ScanEach failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(names) != 2 || names[0] != "Bob" || names[1] != "Charlie" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected names: %v", names)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarTx_ScanEachORM(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Begin failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	var user User
+	var names []string
+	err = tx.ScanEachORM("SELECT * FROM users WHERE age >= ? ORDER BY name", &user, func(target interface{}) error {
+		u := target.(*User)
+		names = append(names, u.Name)
+		return nil
+	}, 30)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Tx.ScanEachORM failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(names) != 2 || names[0] != "Bob" || names[1] != "Charlie" {
+		t.Fatalf("Unexpected names: %v", names)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_WithTx(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	err := db.WithTx(func(tx *stardb.StarTx) error {
+		_, err := tx.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 41, "Alice")
+		return err
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WithTx failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT age FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	if got := rows.Row(0).MustInt("age"); got != 41 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected age 41, got %d", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStarDB_WithTx_RollbackOnError(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	expectedErr := errors.New("business error")
+	err := db.WithTx(func(tx *stardb.StarTx) error {
+		if _, err := tx.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 55, "Alice"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return expectedErr
+	})
+	if !errors.Is(err, expectedErr) {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected %v, got %v", expectedErr, err)
+	}
+
+	rows, err := db.Query("SELECT age FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Query failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	if got := rows.Row(0).MustInt("age"); got == 55 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected rollback to keep original age, got %d", got)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStarDB_SetMaxConnections(t *testing.T) {
 	db := setupTestDB(t)
 	defer db.Close()
@@ -231,3 +924,80 @@ func TestStarDB_SetMaxConnections(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected MaxOpenConnections 10, got %d", stats.MaxOpenConnections)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestStarDB_ConcurrentRuntimeAndQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+	db.SetMaxOpenConns(1)
+	db.SetMaxIdleConns(1)
+
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}) {},
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {},
+	)
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+				rows, err := db.Query("SELECT id FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Alice")
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("Concurrent query failed: %v", err)
+					return
+				}
+				_ = rows.Close()
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+				if j%2 == 0 {
+					db.SetPlaceholderStyle(stardb.PlaceholderDollar)
+					db.SetSQLSlowThreshold(time.Millisecond)
+				} else {
+					db.SetPlaceholderStyle(stardb.PlaceholderQuestion)
+					db.SetSQLSlowThreshold(0)
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func TestStarTx_SQLHooks(t *testing.T) {
+	db := setupTestDB(t)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	var beforeCount int64
+	var afterCount int64
+	db.SetSQLHooks(
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&beforeCount, 1)
+		},
+		func(ctx context.Context, query string, args []interface{}, duration time.Duration, err error) {
+			atomic.AddInt64(&afterCount, 1)
+		},
+	)
+
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Begin failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	if _, err := tx.Exec("UPDATE users SET age = ? WHERE name = ?", 27, "Alice"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Tx.Exec failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&beforeCount) == 0 || atomic.LoadInt64(&afterCount) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected tx execution to trigger hooks, before=%d after=%d", beforeCount, afterCount)
+	}
+}

tx.go

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ package stardb
 import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
-	"errors"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
 )
 
 // StarTx represents a database transaction
@@ -12,6 +13,13 @@ type StarTx struct {
 	db *StarDB
 }
 
+func (t *StarTx) ensureTx() error {
+	if t == nil || t.tx == nil || t.db == nil {
+		return ErrTxNotInitialized
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Query executes a query within the transaction
 func (t *StarTx) Query(query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
 	return t.query(nil, query, args...)
@@ -22,21 +30,53 @@ func (t *StarTx) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interfa
 	return t.query(ctx, query, args...)
 }
 
-// query is the internal query implementation
+// QueryRaw executes a query in transaction and returns *sql.Rows without automatic parsing.
-func (t *StarTx) query(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
+func (t *StarTx) QueryRaw(query string, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
-	if err := t.db.Ping(); err != nil {
+	return t.queryRaw(nil, query, args...)
+}
+
+// QueryRawContext executes a query with context in transaction and returns *sql.Rows without automatic parsing.
+func (t *StarTx) QueryRawContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
+	return t.queryRaw(ctx, query, args...)
+}
+
+func (t *StarTx) queryRaw(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
+	if err := t.ensureTx(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
+	}
 
-	var rows *sql.Rows
+	query, beforeHook, afterHook, hookArgs, slowThreshold := t.db.prepareSQLCall(query, args)
-	var err error
+	hookCtx := t.db.hookContext(ctx, query, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, query, hookArgs)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
 
+	var (
+		rows *sql.Rows
+		err  error
+	)
 	if ctx == nil {
 		rows, err = t.tx.Query(query, args...)
 	} else {
 		rows, err = t.tx.QueryContext(ctx, query, args...)
 	}
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, query, hookArgs, duration, err)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return rows, nil
+}
 
+// query is the internal query implementation
+func (t *StarTx) query(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
+	rows, err := t.queryRaw(ctx, query, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -47,10 +87,13 @@ func (t *StarTx) query(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (
 	}
 
 	if !t.db.ManualScan {
-		err = starRows.parse()
+		if err := starRows.parse(); err != nil {
+			_ = rows.Close()
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
 
-	return starRows, err
+	return starRows, nil
 }
 
 // Exec executes a query within the transaction
@@ -65,38 +108,97 @@ func (t *StarTx) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interfac
 
 // exec is the internal exec implementation
 func (t *StarTx) exec(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
-	if err := t.db.Ping(); err != nil {
+	if err := t.ensureTx(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-	if ctx == nil {
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
-		return t.tx.Exec(query, args...)
 	}
-	return t.tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+
+	query, beforeHook, afterHook, hookArgs, slowThreshold := t.db.prepareSQLCall(query, args)
+	hookCtx := t.db.hookContext(ctx, query, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, query, hookArgs)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	var (
+		result sql.Result
+		err    error
+	)
+	if ctx == nil {
+		result, err = t.tx.Exec(query, args...)
+	} else {
+		result, err = t.tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+	}
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, query, hookArgs, duration, err)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return result, nil
 }
 
 // Prepare creates a prepared statement within the transaction
 func (t *StarTx) Prepare(query string) (*StarStmt, error) {
+	if err := t.ensureTx(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
+	}
+
+	query, beforeHook, afterHook, _, slowThreshold := t.db.prepareSQLCall(query, nil)
+	hookCtx := t.db.hookContext(nil, query, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, query, nil)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+
 	stmt, err := t.tx.Prepare(query)
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, query, nil, duration, err)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return &StarStmt{stmt: stmt, db: t.db}, nil
+	return &StarStmt{stmt: stmt, db: t.db, sqlText: query}, nil
 }
 
 // PrepareContext creates a prepared statement with context
 func (t *StarTx) PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (*StarStmt, error) {
+	if err := t.ensureTx(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
+	}
+
+	query, beforeHook, afterHook, _, slowThreshold := t.db.prepareSQLCall(query, nil)
+	hookCtx := t.db.hookContext(ctx, query, beforeHook, afterHook)
+	if beforeHook != nil {
+		beforeHook(hookCtx, query, nil)
+	}
+	start := time.Now()
+
 	stmt, err := t.tx.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
+	duration := time.Since(start)
+	if shouldRunAfterHook(afterHook, slowThreshold, duration, err) {
+		afterHook(hookCtx, query, nil, duration, err)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return &StarStmt{stmt: stmt, db: t.db}, nil
+	return &StarStmt{stmt: stmt, db: t.db, sqlText: query}, nil
 }
 
 // QueryStmt executes a prepared statement query within the transaction
 func (t *StarTx) QueryStmt(query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
-	if query == "" {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("query string cannot be empty")
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
 	}
 	stmt, err := t.Prepare(query)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -108,8 +210,8 @@ func (t *StarTx) QueryStmt(query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error)
 
 // QueryStmtContext executes a prepared statement query with context
 func (t *StarTx) QueryStmtContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*StarRows, error) {
-	if query == "" {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("query string cannot be empty")
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
 	}
 	stmt, err := t.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -121,8 +223,8 @@ func (t *StarTx) QueryStmtContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...int
 
 // ExecStmt executes a prepared statement within the transaction
 func (t *StarTx) ExecStmt(query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
-	if query == "" {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("query string cannot be empty")
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
 	}
 	stmt, err := t.Prepare(query)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -134,8 +236,8 @@ func (t *StarTx) ExecStmt(query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error)
 
 // ExecStmtContext executes a prepared statement with context
 func (t *StarTx) ExecStmtContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
-	if query == "" {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("query string cannot be empty")
+		return nil, ErrQueryEmpty
 	}
 	stmt, err := t.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -147,10 +249,16 @@ func (t *StarTx) ExecStmtContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...inte
 
 // Commit commits the transaction
 func (t *StarTx) Commit() error {
+	if err := t.ensureTx(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return t.tx.Commit()
 }
 
 // Rollback rolls back the transaction
 func (t *StarTx) Rollback() error {
+	if err := t.ensureTx(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	return t.tx.Rollback()
 }

tx_helper.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package stardb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+)
+
+// WithTx runs fn in a transaction and handles commit/rollback automatically.
+func (s *StarDB) WithTx(fn func(tx *StarTx) error) error {
+	return s.WithTxContext(context.Background(), nil, fn)
+}
+
+// WithTxContext runs fn in a transaction with context/options and handles commit/rollback automatically.
+func (s *StarDB) WithTxContext(ctx context.Context, opts *sql.TxOptions, fn func(tx *StarTx) error) (err error) {
+	if fn == nil {
+		return ErrTxFuncNil
+	}
+	if ctx == nil {
+		ctx = context.Background()
+	}
+
+	tx, err := s.BeginTx(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if p := recover(); p != nil {
+			_ = tx.Rollback()
+			panic(p)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err := fn(tx); err != nil {
+		_ = tx.Rollback()
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		_ = tx.Rollback()
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}